Mixing over the steep side of the Cycladic Plateau in the Aegean Sea

Intensive microstructure sampling over the southern slope of the Cycladic Plateau found very weak mixing in the pycnocline, centered on a thin minimum of diapycnal diffusivity with Kρ=1.5×¹⁰−6 m² s^− 1. Below the pycnocline, Kρ increased exponentially in the bottom 200 m, reaching 1 × 10^− 4 m² s^− 1 a few meters above the bottom. Near-bottom mixing was most intense where the bottom slope equaled the characteristic slope of the semi-diurnal internal tide. This suggests internal wave scattering and/or generation at the bottom, a conclusion supported by near-bottom dissipation rates increasing following rising winds and with intensifying internal waves. Several pinnacles on the slope were local mixing hotspots. Signatures included a vertical line of strong mixing in a pinnacle's wake, an hydraulic jump or lee wave over a downstream side of the summit, and a ‘beam’ sloping upward at the near-inertial characteristic slope. Because dissipation rate averages were dominated by strong turbulence, ?/νN² > 100, the effect on Kρ of alternate mixing efficiencies proposed for this range of turbulent intensity is explored.     

Impact of phytoplankton community size on a linked global ocean optical and ecosystem model

We isolated the effect phytoplankton cell size has on varying remote sensing reflectance spectra (R_rs(λ)) in the presence of optically active constituents by using optical and radiative transfer models linked in an offline diagnostic calculation to a global biogeochemical/ecosystem/circulation model with explicit phytoplankton size classes. Two case studies were carried out, each with several scenarios to isolate the effects of chlorophyll concentration, phytoplankton cell size, and size-varying phytoplankton absorption on R_rs(λ). The goal of the study was to determine the relative contribution of phytoplankton cell size and chlorophyll to overall R_rs(λ) and to understand where a standard band ratio algorithm (OC4) may under/overestimate chlorophyll due to R_rs(λ) being significantly affected by phytoplankton size. Phytoplankton cell size was found to contribute secondarily to R_rs(λ) variability and to amplify or dampen the seasonal cycle in R_rs(λ), driven by chlorophyll. Size and chlorophyll were found to change in phase at low to mid-latitudes, but were anti-correlated or poorly correlated at high latitudes. Phytoplankton size effects increased model calculated R_rs(443) in the subtropical ocean during local spring through early fall months in both hemispheres and decreased R_rs(443) in the Northern Hemisphere high latitude regions during local summer to fall months. This study attempts to tease apart when/where variability about the OC4 relationship may be associated with cell size variability. The OC4 algorithm may underestimate [Chl] when the fraction of microplankton is elevated, which occurs in the model simulations during local spring/summer months at high latitudes in both hemispheres.     

俄罗斯新一代机车车辆(续完)——电气设备、车辆的模块化结构及客车的可靠性

6 电气设备 目前已确定了改善远景客运机车车辆的使用性能和运营性能的固定趋势,同时提高设备的质量和可靠性,导致了用电器品种和数量的增加,改进电气设备的结果提高了电能消耗量.由于节约电能是资源储备计划的组成部分之一,故无论对现有车辆还是远景车辆,均产生用电量优化的课题.     

Performance of Two Types of Mooring Systems in the Heave Motion of a Two-body Floating Wave Energy Converter

Journal of Marine Science and Application - This work investigated the influence of two types of mooring systems on the hydrodynamic performance of a two-body floating wave energy converter (WEC)....     

Perceived risk of lock-in in the front-end phase of major transportation projects

Transportation - Lock-in is defined as the tendency to continue with an inefficient decision or project proposal. The front-end phase is critical to project success, yet most studies have focused...     

A New Explicit Algorithm for Bi-Phasic Mixture Flow in MIM

Metal injection moulding (MIM) is a new technology to manufacture small intricate parts in large quantity. Numerical simulation plays an important role in its development. To predict the specific segregation effect in MIM injection, mixture theory is adopted to model the injection flow by a bi-phasic model. This model conducts to the solution of two-coupled Stokes equations. It is an extremely computational consuming solution in the scope of the traditional algorithms, which induce a serious challenge to cost-effectivity of the MIM simulation. Referred to some methods proposed by Lewis in mono-phasic simulation and the implicit algorithms in MIM simulation, a new explicit algorithm is proposed and realized to perform efficiently this type of bi-phasic flow. Numerically this algorithm is devised to perform the simulation in a fully uncoupled manner except for a global solution of the pressure field in each time step. The physical coupling is taken into account in a sequential pattern by fractional steps. This special algorithm does not need any iteration, so it is straightforward and robust, suitable for MIM simulation and other sorts of simulations for multi-phasic flow.     

���߽�ͨ���ź��Ż�����:�ع���ǰհ

概括地回顾了一些关于离线(或脱机)交通信号灯优化设计的方法.其中包括用于在孤立交叉口的单点和区域性的联动控制系统.离线方法在设计时一般利用已有调查出来的交通数据作为固定的输入资料，这个跟实时设计方法所要求的从感应器即时检浏出来的情况作为设计依据是有本质上的区别.但一般沿用的信号配时设计方法都需要依靠已刻在行车线道上(允许通行)的方向指示标志为设计基础，但这个方向指示在确定后在整个优化过程中是维持不变的，这就限制了交通流量在线道上的分布，从而大大减低配时的灵活性，在这样情况下优化出来的结果肯定不会是最好的.直至近期，以行车线道为基本单位的配时设计方法(英文名称为Lane-based method;中文可称为线道法)发展起来.这个方法是由传统的Phase-based method(相位法)所演变出来的.线道法不但包含所有相位法的特点，而且更能为原本受约束的线道和配时设计进行全面优化.线道法可在单点交叉口和区域性的联动控制系统上应用.文末提出一些未来研究发展的新方向.     

层状边坡渐进破裂与失稳过程数值模拟探讨

运用岩石破裂与失稳过程分析RFPA^2D系统，以含层理弱层边坡的渐进破裂与失稳分析为例，通过对边坡渐进破裂与失稳发生孕育机制及其锚固控制规律的数值模拟，数值模拟再现了含层理弱层和锚固边坡渐进破坏与失稳的发生、发展过程，模拟结果表明，复杂结构边坡的渐进破坏与失稳现象是一些简单机理的演化结果。     

��ͨ�¹ʳ���ʱ���������

对交通事故持续时间分析的发展现状进行了综述．首先简要介绍了交通事故的定义，事故种类和交通事故管理系统，并分析了交通事故持续时间的统计分布．然后，对最近应用的几种主要的交通事故持续时间的分析方法及结论进行了概述．主要包括：方差分析，线性回归，非参数回归，决策树法，hazard duration method，模糊逻辑．主要的结论包括；大量的研究发现交通事故持续时间的分布形状是向左偏斜的钟型分布．交通事故数据采集标准化是事故分析中非常重要的环节．传统的统计分析方法处理不完整的数据有局限性．最后，本文提出了将来的发展方向，包括应用人工智能方法建立事故持续时间模型，及建立交通事故数据库标准．