主动底盘系统的发展趋向（上）

本文论述“主动底盘系统”范畴内两个最现实的问题:悬架咸振及四轮转向。关于悬架减振,首先探讨传统悬架的规律,然持阐述主动和半主动悬架系统对悬架可能作出的改进。对所滑“悬空阻尼”系统,着重怍了介绍。四轮转向方面首先论述了比例四轮转向、质心侧偏角补偿和可调节的四轮转向等几种基本型式的理论基础。接着介绍了现有的四轮转向系统。     

主动底盘系统的发展趋向（下）

本文论述“主动底盘系统”范畴内两个最现实的问题:悬架减振及四轮转向。关于悬架减振,首先探讨传统悬架的规律,然后阐述主动和半主动悬架系统对悬架可能作出的改进。对所谓“悬空阻尼”系统,着重作了介绍。四轮转向方面首先论述了比例四轮转向、质心侧偏角补偿和可调节的四轮转向等几种基本型式的理论基础。接着介绍了现有的四轮转向系统。     

WTO与交通企业发展

刘光溪:入世谈判过程本身具有重大意义 入世谈判的过程对于中国经济的发展、中国经济体制改革的深化是一个巨大的教育过程.这次谈判不光是经济和贸易的交锋,还是两种文化、两种理念的碰撞,对中华民族价值取向、理性思维将产生深远的影响.     

偏压隧道衬砌结构可靠度分析

提出了基于有限单元法求解偏压隧道衬砌结构可靠度的方法，开发了实用计算机程序，并给出实际算例。     

Reducing the climate change impacts of aviation by restricting cruise altitudes

Two of the ways in which air travel affects climate are the emission of carbon dioxide and the creation of high-altitude contrails. One possible impact reduction strategy is to significantly reduce the formation of contrails. This could be achieved by limiting the cruise altitude of aircraft. If implemented, this could severely constrain air space capacity, especially in parts of Europe. In addition, carbon emissions would likely be higher due to less efficient aircraft operation at lower cruise altitudes. This paper describes an analysis of these trade-offs using an air space simulation model as applied to European airspace. The model simulates the flight paths and altitudes of each aircraft and is here used to calculate emissions of carbon dioxide and changes in the journey time. For a one-day Western European traffic sample, calculations suggest annual mean CO₂ emissions would increase by only 4% if cruise altitudes were restricted to prevent contrail formation. The change in journey time depended on aircraft type and route, but average changes were less than 1 min. Our analysis demonstrates that altitude restrictions on commercial aircraft could be an effective means of reducing climate change impacts, though it will be necessary to mitigate the increased controller workload conflicts that this will generate.     

俄罗斯“雄鹰号”新一代高速电动车组（待续）

“雄鹰号”高速电动车组的研制成功，标志着俄罗斯从此跻身世界高速列车生产国行列，本文详细介绍了“雄鹰号”的开发背景、设计思想、布置方案以及主要部件和系统的结构型式和技术性能等。     

Optimizing the transportation of international container cargoes in Korea

This paper considers a multimodal transportation problem, which is the problem of determining the transportation flow, i.e. volume of container cargoes, and the transportation mode in each trade route, for the objective of minimizing the sum of shipping and inland transportation costs. The problem takes account of two restrictions: maximum cargo volumes capacitated at each seaport and maximum number of vehicles available at each transportation mode. To solve optimally the problem, this paper employs a mixed integer programming, which is an operations research technique. A case study is performed on the container cargo data in Korea and we draw several implications to improve efficiency in the transportation of international trade cargoes in Korea.     

Environmental changes and the responses of the ecosystems of the Yellow Sea during 1976–2000

The changes in the environmental features of the Yellow Sea during the last 25 years of the 20th century were studied using a set of seasonally monitored data along a transect (at 36°N) maintained by the State Oceanic Administration of China. The data included the ocean temperature (T), salinity (S) and biogenic elements, such as dissolved oxygen (DO), phosphorus (PO₄-P), silicon (SiO₃-Si) and dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN).The seasonal (summer and winter) values and the annual mean of these elements showed significant changes during the monitored period. Time series of T, S, DIN and N:P ratios exhibited positive trends, while those of DO, P and Si exhibited negative trends. During this period, the annual mean of T and DIN in the Yellow Sea increased by 1.7 °C and 2.95 μmol L⁻¹, respectively, while those of DO, P and Si decreased by 59.1, 0.1 and 3.93 μmol L⁻¹, respectively. In the 1980s, particularly in between 1985 and 1989, concentrations of P and Si dropped to near the ecological threshold for growth of diatoms. The N:P ratio increased from 4 in 1984 to over 16 in 2000. The climate trend coefficients, R_xt, for these time series are all above 0.43 with significance levels of 95%, except for salinity. The increases in T were consistent with the recent climate warming in northern China and the adjacent seas, i.e. the Bohai Sea and the East China Sea. The reduction of DO was probably attributable to the increase in T and decrease in primary production in these regions. The positive trend of DIN was mainly attributable to precipitation and partly to Changjiang River discharge. The negative concentration trends of P and Si were due to the decreases in their concentrations in seawater that flowed to the Yellow Sea from the Bohai Sea. As a result, N:P ratios greatly increased in the seawater of the Yellow Sea.Moreover, some important responses of the Yellow Sea ecosystems to the changes in physical variables and chemical biogenic elements were obviously displayed. These responses include strengthening nutrient limitation, decreasing chlorophyll a, primary production and phytoplankton abundance, succession of dominant phytoplankton species from diatoms to non-diatoms, changes in fish community structure and species diversity.     

Technical Note: Force Control in Electrohydraulic Active Suspensions Revisited

The inner loop control for the actuator force can be quite simply compensated by means of a correction term to the desired force signal at the input. The correction requires only a measurement of the actuator piston velocity and is employed to cancel the loop disturbance caused by the oil flow to the actuator. Although an additional time constant is introduced by the integration in the inner loop force control, the overall performance is nevertheless quite close to that of an ideal optimal system.     

接触网支柱电蚀保护装置的改进

为了对接触网支柱进行防电蚀保护,长期以来采用各种保护装置.对防电蚀保护装置的主要性能要求为:当轨道电路中存在牵引电流的情况下,装置必须工作可靠;在接触网短路情况下,装置应能正常动作.