Experimental investigations on continuous regenerative anti-lock braking system of full electric vehicle

Functions of anti-lock braking for full electric vehicles (EV) with individually controlled wheel drive can be realized through conventional brake system actuating friction brakes and regenerative brake system actuating electric motors. To analyze advantages and limitations of both variants of anti-lock braking systems (ABS), the presented study introduces results of experimental investigations obtained from proving ground tests of all-wheel drive EV. The brake performance is assessed for three different configurations: hydraulic ABS; regenerative ABS only on the front axle; blended hydraulic and regenerative ABS on the front axle and hydraulic ABS on the rear axle. The hydraulic ABS is based on a rule-based controller, and the continuous regenerative ABS uses the gain-scheduled proportional-integral direct slip control with feedforward and feedback control parts. The results of tests on low-friction road surface demonstrated that all the ABS configurations guarantee considerable reduction of the brake distance compared to the vehicle without ABS. In addition, braking manoeuvres with the regenerative ABS are characterized by accurate tracking of the reference wheel slip that results in less oscillatory time profile of the vehicle deceleration and, as consequence, in better driving comfort. The results of the presented experimental investigations can be used in the process of selection of ABS architecture for upcoming generations of full electric vehicles with individual wheel drive.     

Electrochemical battery model and its parameter estimator for use in a battery management system of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles

This paper reports the development of a battery model and its parameter estimator that are readily applicable to automotive battery management systems (BMSs). Due to the parameter estimator, the battery model can maintain reliability over the wider and longer use of the battery. To this end, the electrochemical model is used, which can reflect the aging-induced physicochemical changes in the battery to the aging-relevant parameters within the model. To update the effective kinetic and transport parameters using a computationally light BMS, the parameter estimator is built based on a covariance matrix adaptation evolution strategy (CMA-ES) that can function without the need for complex Jacobian matrix calculations. The existing CMA-ES implementation is modified primarily by region-based memory management such that it satisfies the memory constraints of the BMS. Among the several aging-relevant parameters, only the liquid-phase diffusivity of Li-ion is chosen to be estimated. This also facilitates integrating the parameter estimator into the BMS because a smaller number of parameter estimates yields the fewer number of iterations, thus, the greater computational efficiency of the parameter estimator. Consequently, the BMS-integrated parameter estimator enables the voltage to be predicted and the capacity retention to be estimated within 1 % error throughout the battery life-time.     

Required traffic micro‐simulation runs for reliable multivariate performance estimates

Previous methods to calculate the minimum number of traffic micro‐simulation runs do not consider multiple measures of performance simultaneously at an overall confidence level, which can lead to unreliable simulation outputs. This paper describes new methodologies for calculating the minimum number of traffic micro‐simulation runs for multivariate estimates at an overall confidence level. Simultaneous confidence intervals obtained from multiple comparisons in statistical theory such as the Bonferroni inequality and simultaneous confidence interval method are used to estimate multiple measures of performance with allowable errors at an overall confidence level. Measures of performance can be means and standard deviations. Results of numerical analysis based on an example corridor suggest that the proposed methods provide improved means of assessing statistical accuracy of multiple measures of performance. Results also indicate that the minimum number of runs is influenced by not only the sample size issue but also the complexity of the traffic system. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

模腔注射模拟显式算法中对流项作用的评估

为研究Navier-Stokes方程中对流项对粘性流注射模拟结果的影响,在基于矢量化显式算法模拟软件中加入对流作用项.应用修正后的软件模拟两个典型的注射填充过程的算例,并与相应的实验比较.对模拟和实验结果的比较表明,对流项对粘性流注射填充过程和的其中的自由表面形状的模拟结果影响可以忽略.     

NEURAL NETWORKS PREDICTION FOR SEISMIC RESPONSE OF STRUCTURE UNDER THE LEVENBERG-MARQUARDT ALGORITHM

Activecontrolandsemi activecontrolarenewapproachestoseismichazardmitigationofstructure .Whileinactivecontrolorsemi activecontrol ,mea surementofstructurestate ,transmissionandcalcu lationofsignalandinflictionofcontrolforcerequiretime ,moreover ,controlforceiscalculatedaccordingtotheseismicresponseofstructureinlastepoch ,sothecontrolforceinactivecontrolorsemi activecontrolmaybedistortedduetotime delay .Suchdistortionusuallyincreasestheseismicresponseofstructureandmakesstructuremoredangerous[1-3…     

轻轨车辆噪声评价标准初探

根据轻轨车辆噪声的现状及特点,本文认为轻轨车辆的噪声仍以A声级评价为宜,但需规定容许的倍频程带声压值,以抑制低频噪声对人体的影响,同时提出了轻轨车辆噪声的控制标准。最后还指出了A声级评价总体的缺陷,建议应以人体工程学为基础,综合考虑噪声对人体的多方面危害,以制定出更完善的轻轨车辆噪声评价标准。     

地铁曲线段不规则磨耗引起的钢轨波磨监测

在小半径曲线的内轨侧出现钢轨短波波磨加剧的现象,是世界上许多铁路网都面临的一个问题。由于地铁线路小半径曲线大量存在,受其影响尤为突出。本文为一实例研究,属于一个研发预测曲线地段钢轨波磨的数值工具课题的一部分。在斯德哥尔摩地铁中一处半径为120m的曲线段上,通过重复测试轨道的粗糙度及列车通过时引起的噪声,监测波磨的发展状况。在一年的打磨过程中,发生了剧烈的短波波磨,最大峰-峰值约为0.15mm。测试数据谱分析显示,在4～14cm波长范围内,粗糙度幅值较大,峰值约在5和8cm处。波磨为单一的纵向形式（波峰与轨道方向垂直）,幅值在100m长的被测轨道段上呈现不规则变化。粗糙度增长速率随时间增加,直至钢轨打磨后的300天,此后仅有少量的附加粗糙度出现。由于平均车速约为30km/h,因此由波磨造成的滚动噪声主要处于200Hz以下的低频段。打磨后的139～300天,4～14cm波长范围内粗糙度级增加10.1dB,与之相应的60～200Hz频段内的滚动噪声级增加4.9dB。在干燥天气条件下,列车通过时引起人体不适的噪声主要是车轮啸鸣噪声而非滚动噪声。     

Theoretical studies of active power/angle sub-matrix in power flow Jacobian for power system analysis

Properties of the active power/angle sub-matrix in the power flow Jacobian for power system analysis are studied. The sub-matrix is a dominant and irreducible matrix under very general conditions of power systems, so that it is invertible. Also the necessary conditions for its singularity are given. These theoretical results can be used to clarify the ambiguous understanding of the sub-matrix in current literature, and also provide the theoretical foundations for the applications based on reduced power flow Jacobian. Numerical simulation on the IEEE 118-bus power system is used to illustrate our results.     

Performance analysis according to the combination of energy storage system for fuel cell hybrid vehicle

The need for the unmanned ground combat vehicle (UGCV), which is used for the surveillance, reconnaissance and targeting during extremely dangerous condition on the battlefield, has steadily increased, and the transition from manned ground combat vehicles to unmanned ground combat vehicles is expected to reduce the loss of lives during battle. The UGCV needs many types of capabilities to achieve satisfactory performance. This paper focuses on the modeling and control of the power system of the UGCV, and proposes the fuel cell hybrid system (FCHS) for the power system of the UGCV. The fuel cell hybrid system has many advantages in stealth drive and the system efficiency. In addition, the FCHS is much quieter than the engine generator and generates much less heat. The benefits of the FCHS are advantageous for use in Army operations, which require ‘silent watch’ capability and the ability to operate without showing up on an enemy’s radar screen. The FCHS has a fuel cell and uses an energy storage system (ESS) as a power source. The ESS (e.g., batteries or ultracapacitors) helps the fuel cell supply power to the electric drive system and also recovers energy during deceleration. The ESS makes it possible to improve the efficiency and dynamic characteristic of the power system. In this paper, the FCHS is composed of different combinations of component models. The component sizes are chosen to satisfy performance requirements. In order to determine the power distribution between the fuel cell and the ESS, a power management strategy based on the required power and the SOC (state of charge) of the ESS is proposed. Batteries and ultracapacitor, components of the ESS, have different characteristics. Accordingly, varying the combination of ESS components can change the performance of the power system. The performance of the FCHS with respect to different combinations of ESS is analyzed using simulated results.