Analytical extension of the effective axle characteristics concept for the development of a structured chassis design process

The lateral vehicle dynamics is defined by the effects of side forces at the front and rear axle. These forces are caused by the slip and camber angle at the individual tyres, which are results of the kinematics and compliances of the chassis. This paper extends the approach of the effective axle characteristics by Paceyka to the analytical expression of the axle cornering stiffness and the axle relaxation behaviour with the aim of the development of a chassis design process as it applies in the early design stage. The obtained expression is integrated into a single track model and validated against a full nonlinear two-track model. By this means of these analytical expressions for the axle cornering stiffness and the axle relaxation behaviour it is possible to directly calculate and analyse the effective slip angles for linear quasi-static and dynamic driving manoeuvres.     

HSP法在引汉济渭TBM隧道地质预报中的应用

为了解决超前地质预报与TBM快速施工之间的干扰,结合TBM的施工特点,分析地质预报的难点,介绍适用于TBM施工的HSP声波反射法原理和探测方案。该方法创造性地利用刀盘剪切岩石产生的振动信号为震源信号,采取阵列式布极,获取前方地层特征参数,来预报TBM施工前方的地质条件,来达到TBM快速施工的目标。通过HSP在陕西省引汉济渭工程TBM施工段应用案例的解析和实际情况的对比分析,表明HSP声波反射法对不良地质结构面的存在具有较好的正相关响应,是适用于TBM施工时地质预报的高效方法之一。     

Coordinated control of ESC and AFS with adaptive algorithms

This paper presents a coordinated control of electronic stability control (ESC) and active front steering (AFS) with adaptive algorithms for yaw moment distribution in integrated chassis control (ICC). In order to distribute a control yaw moment into control tire forcres of ESC and AFS, and to coordinate the relative usage of ESC to AFS, a LMS/Newton algorithm (LMSN) is adopted. To make the control tire forces zero in applying LMS and LMSN, the zero-attracting mechanism is adopted. Simulations on vehicle simulation software, CarSim®, show that the proposed algorithm is effective for yaw moment distribution in integrated chassis control.     

Real-time weighted multi-objective model predictive controller for adaptive cruise control systems

In this paper, a novel spacing control law is developed for vehicles with adaptive cruise control (ACC) systems to perform spacing control mode. Rather than establishing a steady-state following distance behind a newly encountered vehicle to avoid collision, the proposed spacing control law based on model predictive control (MPC) further considers fuel economy and ride comfort. Firstly, a hierarchical control architecture is utilized in which a lower controller compensates for nonlinear longitudinal vehicle dynamics and enables to track the desired acceleration. The upper controller based on the proposed spacing control law is designed to compute the desired acceleration to maintain the control objectives. Moreover, the control objectives are then formulated into the model predictive control problem using acceleration and jerk limits as constrains. Furthermore, due to the complex driving conditions during in the transitional state, the traditional model predictive control algorithm with constant weight matrix cannot meet the requirement of improvement in the fuel economy and ride comfort. Therefore, a real-time weight tuning strategy is proposed to solve time-varying multi-objective control problems, where the weight of each objective can be adjusted with respect to different operating conditions. In addition, simulation results demonstrate that the ACC system with the proposed real-time weighted MPC (RW-MPC) can provide better performance than that using constant weight MPC (CW-MPC) in terms of fuel economy and ride comfort.     

Subjective absolute discomfort threshold due to idle vibration in passenger vehicles according to sitting posture

Idle vibration, occurring when a vehicle comes to a stop while the engine is on, is known to be a main cause of discomfort for passengers, and the customer effect has been recently growing. The frequency of idle vibration is determined by the engine type. To lower the vibration, various technologies have been applied to optimize the engine mount and vehicle body structure. In addition to the technological developments, research on human response with a consideration of idle vibration is needed to effectively reduce the level of discomfort experienced by passengers. Seats aimed at enhancing static comfort influence the sitting posture of passengers; sitting posture is a factor affecting human body characteristics that response to idle vibration. This study examined the absolute discomfort threshold of idle vibration according to the sitting postures of 13 taxi drivers. The four sitting postures of subjects on a rigid-body seat without a backrest were variables in the determination of absolute discomfort threshold of idle vibration. The absolute discomfort threshold curves obtained in this experiment were less sensitive to frequency changes than the frequency weighting function of ISO 2631-1.     

In-depth understanding of lane changing interactions for in-vehicle driving assistance systems

Lane-changing events are often related with safety concern and traffic operational efficiency due to complex interactions with neighboring vehicles. In particular, lane changes in stop-and-go traffic conditions are of keen interest because these events lead to higher risk of crash occurrence caused by more frequent and abrupt vehicle acceleration and deceleration. From these perspectives, in-depth understanding of lane changes would be of keen interest in developing in-vehicle driving assistance systems. The purpose of this study is to analyze vehicle interactions using vehicle trajectories and to identify factors affecting lane changes with stop-and-go traffic conditions. This study used vehicle trajectory data obtained from a segment of the US-101 freeway in Southern California, as a part of the Next Generation Simulation (NGSIM) project. Vehicle trajectories were divided into two groups; with stop-and-go and without stop-and-go traffic conditions. Binary logistic regression (BLR), a well-known technique for dealing with the binary choice condition, was adopted to establish lane-changing decision models. Regarding lane changes without stop-and-go traffic conditions, it was identified based on the odd ratio investigation that he subject vehicle driver is more likely to pay attention to the movement of vehicles ahead, regardless of vehicle positions such as current and target lanes. On the other hand, the subject vehicle driver in stop-and-go traffic conditions is more likely to be affected by vehicles traveling on the target lane when deciding lane changes. The two BLR models are adequate for lane-changing decisions in normal and stop-and-go traffic conditions with about 80 % accuracy. A possible reason for this finding is that the subject vehicle driver has a tendency to pay greater attention to avoiding sideswipe or rear-end collision with vehicles on the target lane. These findings are expected to be used for better understanding of driver’s lane changing behavior associated with congested stop-and-go traffic conditions, and give valuable insights in developing algorithms to process sensor data in designing safer lateral maneuvering assistance systems, which include, for example, blind spot detection systems (BSDS) and lane keeping assistance systems (LKAS).     

The benefits to the public of vehicle legislation — Attempts to measure the unmeasurable

Although inevitably there are grey areas, a distinction may be drawn between environmental disbenefits arising from vehicles which cause annoyance, such as noise, or loss of peace and quiet, vibration, visual intrusion, severance, and those which endanger life and limb. Legislation implemented to reduce either category will inevitably generate costs.It is suggested that in evaluating legislation relating to environmental nuisance, attempts should be made carefully to measure the benefits, while for legislation when life and limb is involved a cost-effectiveness approach should be adopted. Methods currently available to measure environmental nuisance arising from vehicles, for example opinion surveys, observing the effect of changes in some independent indicator, and simulation exercises are critically examined. Using evidence from the Urban Motorway Committee Reports, Noise Advisory Council, Transport and Road Research Laboratory surveys on the effect of traffic in selected High Streets, and the Realistic Environment Assessment Laboratory, Social and Community Planning Research ping-pong technique, studies of house price differentials, and estimates of willingness-to-pay for exclusion facilities, an attempt is made to highlight the dilemma that while benefits of environmental nuisance legislation should be carefully weighed against the anti-pollution costs, techniques currently available for measuring such benefits are very underdeveloped.Paradoxically there is a far more clear-cut procedure for valuing benefits of policies affecting life and limb. Official accident evaluation policy in the U.K. is described, and legislation affecting life and limb is examined.Finally, difficulties of effectively enforcing legislation of both environmental nuisance and life and limb categories are illustrated.     

基于机器学习的地铁轨道几何劣化规律个性化建模研究

较高的轨道平顺性是保障地铁列车安全舒适运行的基础,准确掌握地铁轨道的劣化规律对保障轨道质量具有重要意义。根据地铁线路特点,选择影响地铁轨道质量劣化的7类异质性因素,给出赋值模型,并基于机器学习方法建立轨道质量指数(track quality index,TQI)短时预测前馈神经网络模型。为了验证模型,采集了北京地铁1号线的线路设备数据及2016年8月15日至2019年2月18日间的17次TQI检测数据,形成训练数据集和测试数据集,并采取深度学习技术,利用训练数据集对该模型进行训练。基于测试数据集的模型预测值的可决系数为0.938,平均绝对百分比误差为4.80%,结果表明该模型是有效的且具有较高的预测精度。     

运用ANSYS软件与蒙特卡罗法相结合的随机有限元方法进行车辆构件强度可靠性分析

以轨道车辆为例,介绍了运用ANSYS软件与蒙特卡罗法相结合的随机有限元方法在构件可靠性分析中的可行性.     

无砟轨道无缝道岔设计计算方法及受力与变形规律探讨

铺设在无砟轨道基础上的无缝道岔中纵向力的传递机理与有砟轨道明显不同,主要区别为岔枕在道岔里轨与基本轨间不传递纵向力,限位器成为里轨和基本轨之间唯一的传力部件。就无砟轨道基础上无缝道岔的纵向力传递机理、钢轨受力及变形规律等进行探讨,为无砟无缝道岔设计提供参考依据。