An Optimal Self-Tuning Controller for an Active Suspension

An optimal self-tuning control algorithm is presented for vehicle suspension design. The controller, incorporating a weighting controller, state observer and parameter estimator, is designed according to linear optimal control (LQG) theory. Based on the updated estimates of vehicle parameters and states, and the adapted weighting parameters, the LQG controller provides the optimal set of gains over different operating conditions. The feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed self-tuning system was investigated and proved by simulation studies.     

润滑油在不同温度下工作对内燃机的影响

润滑油的作用就是保护内燃机免遭磨损损害，当内燃机在润滑油保护的条件下仍然受耐磨损损害，说明润滑油的的保护功能存在问题，阐述了润滑油不同粘度对内燃机的影响，分析了润滑油高，低温对内燃机损害的原因，揭示了目前改善润滑油高，低温技术存在的问题等。     

煤田采空区注浆治理试验工程中的注浆材料和浆液配合比技术探讨

随着我国国民经济的快速发展,煤田采空区对城市发展的影响越来越大,当今国内外对采空区治理多采用注浆的方法处理,而无论是从质量、费用还是从工期来说注浆材料及其配合比合理选择都显得至关重要。该文结合乌鲁木齐市外环路东北段六道湾煤田采空区路基抗变形注浆治理试验工程,通过对该试验结果的分析和研究,得出了适用于该工程的合理的注浆材料和浆液配合比,并为类似工程积累工程实验经验,从而进一步完善采空区注浆治理技术。     

海底埋设管线平管起吊运动分析

基于有限元软件OrcaFlex,充分考虑不规则波浪、海流、管土相互作用以及船舶管线耦合运动,建立海底埋设管线平管起吊模型。参考DNV-RP-F110计算埋深管道受到的土壤阻力,依据DNV-RP-C205确定相关水动力系数。通过数值模拟研究分析管线在平管起吊过程中管道的运动响应以及吊绳张力的时间历程变化,为实际海底管线平管起吊提供一定理论参考。     

加快发展铁路中型养路机械促进铁道线路维修的现代化

阐述了发展铁路中型养路机械的必要性,认为发展中型养路机械不仅符合铁道部制定的养路机械发展的方针政策,而且也是铁道线路维修的实际需要。介绍了中型养路机械的研制、使用情况和配套设想。     

Special issue: Importance of public transport

The transport demand in most major cities around the world can only be met with a high‐quality public transport system. The requirements on bus, rail, underground and tram systems are manifold with reliability and efficiency as the key factors. The service operating hours and the size of the network are often extended in order to serve the needs better. Further, most metropolitan areas are trying to provide more incentives for citizens to leave the car at home and use the local transit systems instead. The reasons are well known. Not only does a public transport system only make economical sense if it is well used, but most urban areas with a high car‐dependency face at least three major problems; safety, congestion, and pollution (noise and air pollution, land separation, etc.). It is generally recognised that to decrease car usage and to increase public transport usage a stick & carrot approach is needed. The London congestion‐charging scheme is an example since all revenues collected by the scheme are put into the improvement of bus and underground services.     

我国海洋船舶污染防治法律制度的缺陷与对策

伴随我国经济和航运事业的快速发展,船舶营运造成了我国海洋环境的严重破坏,但我国防治船舶海洋污染法律制度的建设却严重滞后。在充分考量我国防治船舶海洋污染法律制度的现状的基础上,借鉴美国在相关法律制度建设上的立法经验,对我国防治船舶海洋污染法律制度的建设提出建议与对策。     

Hubris or humility? Accuracy issues for the next 50 years of travel demand modeling

This study reviews the 50-year history of travel demand forecasting models, concentrating on their accuracy and relevance for public decision-making. Only a few studies of model accuracy have been performed, but they find that the likely inaccuracy in the 20-year forecast of major road projects is ±30 % at minimum, with some estimates as high as ±40–50 % over even shorter time horizons. There is a significant tendency to over-estimate traffic and underestimate costs, particularly for toll roads. Forecasts of transit costs and ridership are even more uncertain and also significantly optimistic. The greatest knowledge gap in US travel demand modeling is the unknown accuracy of US urban road traffic forecasts. Modeling weaknesses leading to these problems (non-behavioral content, inaccuracy of inputs and key assumptions, policy insensitivity, and excessive complexity) are identified. In addition, the institutional and political environments that encourage optimism bias and low risk assessment in forecasts are also reviewed. Major institutional factors, particularly low local funding matches and competitive grants, confound scenario modeling efforts and dampen the hope that technical modeling improvements alone can improve forecasting accuracy. The fundamental problems are not technical but institutional: high non-local funding shares for large projects warp local perceptions of project benefit versus costs, leading to both input errors and political pressure to fund projects. To deal with these issues, the paper outlines two different approaches. The first, termed ‘hubris’, proposes a multi-decade effort to substantially improve model forecasting accuracy over time by monitoring performance and improving data, methods and understanding of travel, but also by deliberately modifying the institutional arrangements that lead to optimism bias. The second, termed ‘humility’, proposes to openly quantify and recognize the inherent uncertainty in travel demand forecasts and deliberately reduce their influence on project decision-making. However to be successful either approach would require monitoring and reporting accuracy, standards for modeling and forecasting, greater model transparency, educational initiatives, coordinated research, strengthened ethics and reduction of non-local funding ratios so that localities have more at stake.     

The Alternative Motor Fuels Act, alternative-fuel vehicles, and greenhouse gas emissions

The corporate average fuel economy (CAFE) standard is the major policy tool to improve the fleet average miles per gallon of automobile manufacturers in the US. The Alternative Motor Fuels Act (AMFA) provides special treatment in calculating the fuel economy of alternative-fuel vehicles to give manufacturers CAFE incentives to produce more alternative-fuel vehicles. AMFA has as its goals an increase in the production of alternative-fuel vehicles and a decrease in gasoline consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. This paper examines theoretically the effects of the program set up under AMFA. It finds that, under some conditions, this program may actually increase the production of fuel-inefficient gasoline vehicles, gasoline consumption and greenhouse gas emissions.     

船员英语学习需求与教学措施

航海是一种国际性的职业,船员的特殊的职业决定着他不可能像普通学生一样拿出数年的时间来进行学习和研究,之后又每天按部就班地学习和复习。因此,本文拟从船员的需求、阻碍学习的因素、对待语言的态度以及应采取的措施等方面分析船员英语教学的所需和对策。