Load Transfer Analysis of a Bus Bay Section Under Standard Rollover Test Using <Emphasis Type="Italic">U</Emphasis>*<Subscript>M</Subscript> Index

Bus rollover accidents are receiving increasing attention due to the associated high fatality rate. In order to improve the bus structural performance during the rollover collision, it is necessary to investigate how the impact force is transferred within the bus superstructure. This paper introduced a method for studying the load transfer behavior of the bus superstructure during the standard rollover test by using the U * _M index. A bus bay section was used as the sample structure to demonstrate the proposed method. The result of the paper reveals that the load transfer analysis based on the U * _M index can provide engineers with the insight of the structural issues and the direction to improve the structural performance, which cannot be accomplished through the conventional finite element analysis.     

Tire Lateral Force Estimation Using Kalman Filter

As for the tire analysis, lateral tire force is a fundamental factor that describes the stability of vehicle handling. Attempts to analyze the vehicle stability have been made based on various objective test methods and some specific factors such as yaw, lateral acceleration and roll angle. However, the problem to identify which axle is lack of the tire grip at a certain situation still remains. Since indoor tire force measurement system cannot represent a real road and vehicle conditions, tire force measurement through a real vehicle test is inevitable. Due to the high price of the tire force measurement device, tire force estimator can be an alternative toward cost reduction and device failure. In this paper, nonlinear planar full car model combined with tire model is proposed. Then, using discrete-time extended Kalman-Bucy filter (EKBF), individual tire lateral force are estimated with modified relaxation length model.     

Potential of Real-Time Cylinder Pressure Analysis by Using Field Programmable Gate Arrays

In this paper, a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) was used to implement a real-time cylinder pressure analysis. The goal of the project was to improve the accuracy of calculated heat release and center of combustion calculations to enhance the precision of engine control functions. Compared to today’s real-time pressure analysis systems, several additional physical effects were taken into account for this objective. The wall heat transfer was calculated based on the approach published by Hohenberg. A chemical equilibrium with six substances was assumed for the mixture composition and a real-time calculation method was developed. Furthermore, a two-zone model was adapted and implemented for this realtime analysis. The validation of the results and the rating of the improvement in precision were based on GT-SUITE simulation results as an offline reference tool. Compared to state-of-the-art analysis systems, it was possible to reduce the average error of the center of combustion position from 1.6° to 0.5° crank angle (CA) by taking the investigated effects into account. Moreover, it was possible to significantly reduce the time required for the calculation from one complete combustion cycle to 0.2°CA at an engine speed of 3,000 rpm by using a continuous calculation method on the FPGA. This led to an additional improvement of the ability to control the engine, especially under highly dynamic operation conditions.     

Structural Optimization for Roof Crush Test Using an Enforced Displacement Method

A roof crush test has been utilized to reduce passengers’ injuries from a vehicle rollover. The Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (FMVSS) 216 and the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) perform actual vehicle tests and evaluate the vehicle’s ratings. Nonlinear dynamic response structural optimization can be employed not only for achievement of a high rating but also minimization of the weight. However, the technique needs a huge computation time and cost because many nonlinear dynamic response analyses are required in the time domain. A novel method is proposed for nonlinear dynamic response structural optimization regarding the roof crush test. The process of the proposed method repeats the analysis domain and the design domain until the convergence criteria are satisfied. In the analysis domain, the roof crush test is simulated using a high fidelity model of nonlinear dynamic finite element analysis. In the design domain, a low fidelity model of linear static response structural optimization is utilized with enforced displacements that come from the analysis domain. Correction factors are employed to compensate the differences between a nonlinear dynamic analysis response and a linear static analysis response with enforced displacement. A full-scale vehicle problem is optimized with a constraint on the rigid wall force from the analysis in the design domain.     

Selection of Actuator Combination in Integrated Chassis Control Using Taguchi Method

This paper presents a method to select the actuator combination in integrated chassis control using Taguchi method. Electronic stability control (ESC), active front and rear steering (AFS/ARS) are used as an actuator, which is needed to generate a control tire force. After computing the control yaw moment in the upper-level controller, it is distributed into the control tire forces, generated by ESC, AFS and ARS in the lower-level controller. In this paper, the weighted pseudo-inverse control allocation (WPCA) with variable weights is used to determine the control tire forces of each actuator. Taguchi method is adopted for sensitivity analysis on variable weights of WPCA in terms of the control performances such as the maneuverability and the lateral stability. For sensitivity analysis, simulation is performed on a vehicle simulation package, CarSim. From sensitivity analysis, the most effective actuator combination is selected.     

Mean Value WGT Diesel Engine Calibration Model for Effective Simulation Research

Recently, to improve vehicle fuel economy, as well as the performance of internal combustion engines, optimized system matching between a vehicle’s drivetrain and engine has become a very important technical issue. For this reason, the need for simulation research on engine and vehicle performance improvement has increased. But in general, since both engine simulation and vehicle simulation require initial engine calibration map input, a simple engine calibration method is required for the efficient configuration of various virtual engine calibration map setups. On this background, in this study, an example of waste gate turbocharger (WGT) cooled — exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) Diesel engine calibration using a test-based mean value engine model is presented as a suitable engine calibration map setting method. Also, the feasibility of an engine calibration model is confirmed through various engine tests. Using the simple model presented here, it is possible for diverse engine operating conditions and engine performance maps to be acquired.     

路段人行横道二次过街感应式信号控制算法设计

在现有感应控制二次过街系统中,道路两边以及安全岛按钮控制多为分开控制,没有相互协调,行人在安全岛等待时间过长易导致违章过街等问题。在一次过街感应控制算法基础上,结合二次过街相关理论、机动车与行人延误机理以及行人过街信号配时理论,提出"人行绿波"协调思路,对路段二次过街感应控制算法进行设计,并应用Vissim软件进行仿真验证,结果显示设计感应控制算法能有效地降低行人和机动车延误。     

Design and evaluation of sideslip angle observer for vehicle stability control

This paper presents a method for estimating the vehicle side slip angle, which is considered as a significant signal in determining the vehicle stability region in vehicle stability control systems. The proposed method combines the model-based method and kinematics-based method. Side forces of the front and rear axles are provided as a weighted sum of directly calculated values from a lateral acceleration sensor and a yaw rate sensor and from a tire model according to the nonlinear factor, which is defined to identify the degree of nonlinearity of the vehicle state. Then, the side forces are fed to the extended Kalman filter, which is designed based on the single-track vehicle model associated with a tire model. The cornering stiffness identifier is introduced to compensate for tire force nonlinearities. A fuzzy-logic procedure is implemented to determine the nonlinear factor from the input variables: yaw rate deviation from the reference value and lateral acceleration. The proposed observer is compared with a model-based method and kinematics-based method. An 8 DOF vehicle model and Dugoff tire model are employed to simulate the vehicle state in MATLAB/SIMULINK. The simulation results shows that the proposed method is more accurate than the model-based method and kinematics-based method when the vehicle is subjected to severe maneuvers under different road conditions.     

Requirement-based testing of an automotive ECU considering the behavior of the vehicle

HILS (Hardware In the Loop Simulation) and RBT (Requirement-Based Testing) are widely used to evaluate the performance and reliability of automotive ECUs (Electronic Control Units). The HILS method is used to predict the behavior of ECU-installed vehicles and to evaluate the performance of ECU controllers. RBT evaluates whether the embedded system satisfies the pre-defined requirements. In this study, the behavior of a vehicle is regarded as a system requirement, and an embedded system test procedure that evaluates the system requirement is proposed. In particular, a new method is introduced, which integrates HILS with RBT. Using the proposed method, the behavior of an articulated vehicle equipped with an AWS (All Wheel Steering) ECU is evaluated with RBT software.     

Drive control system design for stability and maneuverability of a 6WD/6WS vehicle

This paper describes a drive controller designed to improve the lateral vehicle stability and maneuverability of a 6-wheel drive / 6-wheel steering (6WD/6WS) vehicle. The drive controller consists of upper and lower level controllers. The upper level controller is based on sliding control theory and determines both front and middle steering angle, additional net yaw moment, and longitudinal net force according to the reference velocity and steering angle of a manual drive, remotely controlled, autonomous controller. The lower level controller takes the desired longitudinal net force, yaw moment, and tire force information as inputs and determines the additional front steering angle and distributed longitudinal tire force on each wheel. This controller is based on optimal distribution control and takes into consideration the friction circle related to the vertical tire force and friction coefficient acting on the road and tire. Distributed longitudinal/lateral tire forces are determined as proportion to the size of the friction circle according to changes in driving conditions. The response of the 6WD/6WS vehicle implemented with this drive controller has been evaluated via computer simulations conducted using the Matlab/Simulink dynamic model. Computer simulations of an open loop under turning conditions and a closed-loop driver model subjected to double lane change have been conducted to demonstrate the improved performance of the proposed drive controller over that of a conventional DYC.