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31.
A. Eichberger W. Rulka 《Vehicle System Dynamics: International Journal of Vehicle Mechanics and Mobility》2004,41(5):401-413
Applying a non-linear model reduction method to the tire suspension system of road vehicles enables an automatic transfer of complex offline simulation vehicle models to a mathematical model, which fits the real time simulation requirements. The basic assumption, that high frequent inner suspension dynamics are not relevant to handling manoeuvres, converts the differential algebraic equation system (DAE) of suspensions with kinematical closed loops into pure elasto-kinematical linkage equations. The equations of motions can be represented as an ordinary differential equation system (ODE) and considerable simulation time reductions are obtained for the off-line simulation and real time simulation is enabled. This so-called macro joint approach is an alternative modelling method to the well-known look-up table representation of suspension kinematics but it keeps the parameterisation of the original suspension model and is suitable to parameterised real time MBS models. With a second step the dynamics, caused by compliance in the suspension bushings, are reduced to their quasi-static behaviour. The consideration of these quasi-elasticity has nearly no influence on the necessary simulation time. This contribution shows the theoretical background and demonstrates the advantage of the macro joint model reduction approach on a typical vehicle example. 相似文献
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Claudio Mazzoleni Hans Moosmüller Hampden D. Kuhns Robert E. Keislar Peter W. Barber Djordje Nikolic Nicholas J. Nussbaum John G. Watson 《Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment》2004,9(6):477-496
Carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC), and nitrogen oxide (NO) emission factors (EFs) are measured with a commercial vehicle emissions remote sensing system (VERSS) during a large-scale vehicle exhaust emissions study in Las Vegas. Particulate matter (PM) EFs are simultaneously measured for individual vehicles with a newly developed PM-VERSS based on ultraviolet backscatter light detection and ranging (Lidar). The effectiveness of CO and HC EFs as proxy for NO and PM EFs for spark-ignition vehicles is evaluated. Poor correlations were found between EFs for pollutants on an individual vehicle basis indicating that high EFs for one or more pollutants cannot be used as a predictor of high EFs for other pollutants. Stronger functional relationships became evident after averaging the EF data in bins based on rank-order of a single pollutant EF. Low overlap between the highest 10% emitters for CO, HC, NO, and PM was found. These results imply that for an effective reduction of the four pollutants, inspection and maintenance (I/M) programs, including clean screening, should measure all four pollutants individually. Fleet average CO and HC concentrations determined by gaseous VERSS were compared with fleet average CO and HC concentrations measured at low-idle and at high-idle during local I/M tests for spark-ignition vehicles. The fleet average CO concentrations measured by I/M tests at either idle were about half of those measured by remote sensing. The fleet average high-idle HC concentration measured by I/M tests was about half of that measured by VERSS while low-idle I/M and VERSS HC average concentrations were in better agreement. For a typical vehicle trip, most of the fuel is burned during non-idle conditions. I/M measurements collected during idling conditions may not be a good indicator of a vehicle’s potential to be a high emitter. VERSS measurements, when the vehicle is under a load, should more effectively identify high emitting vehicles that have a large contribution to the mobile emissions inventory. 相似文献
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本文提出了RGIS面临数据之间和系统之间不统一的问题,介绍了一种具有高效空间数据交换机制的铁路地理标记语言(RGML)来解决,重点论述铁路地理标记语言的对象模型,包括地物特征对象和几何对象,地物特征对象定义了空间对象的内容和结构,几何对象提供了详细的基本空间几何组件定义.最后给出RGML描述省界的实例,说明用RGML处理铁路空间数据的优势. 相似文献
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研究在一个库存环境中,用于未来需求预测的需求信息的延迟对于需求预测的影响.当通过一种补充订货策略控制补货时,这种延迟降低了历史订单信息的波动性,最终减弱了牛鞭效应的影响. 相似文献
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氢燃料内燃机技术现状与发展展望 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
介绍了氢气及氢燃料内燃机的特点及氢燃料内燃机的技术现状。通过对比分析指出氢燃料内燃机既可以采用清洁可再生能源,又可以充分利用现有的庞大工业体系,是实现氢气经济的现实途径。 相似文献
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<正>2020年9月22日,国家主席习近平在第75届联合国大会上提出我国实现碳达峰碳中和目标,国际海事组织(IMO)于2018年通过了船舶温室气体减排初步战略,提出了在本世纪内实现国际海运温室气体零排放的愿景。水路运输是碳排放的重要领域之一,推动水运领域做好碳达峰碳中和相关工作,是加速行业绿色低碳转型、推动交通运输高质量发展的重要抓手,是加快建设交通强国的重要内容。 相似文献