Should the user pay?

The paper puts the case that historical analysis helps to understand current discussions on user-pays principles and practice. In particular, (a) it is demonstrated that the nature of funding systems is dominated by political considerations, and (b) user-pays systems lead to inadequate funding of infrastructure when politically controlled, but provide funds for expansion when “market-driven” (in pursuit of profit maximisation). The case is illustrated by reference to the experience of interregional transport infrastructure in 19th century in England and 20th century Australia. Revenue deficiencies arising from government-controlled rates can lead to the demise of private transport infrastructure. The problem is considered in the context of the history of interregional roads and railways in England between the 15th and 19th century in England and in Australia in the 19th and 20th century. The current embrace by government of the user-pays system in transport services arises from fiscal deficiencies, as much from economic philosophy. User-pays policies are part of the global re-emergence of economic rationalism since the 1970s. The lesson for other nations from Australia's experience is twofold. First, in a federal system of government, despite the efficiency benefits of user-pays in interregional land transport, fiscal and political objectives will prevail. Second, in sparsely populated and/or developing countries, deregulation of long distance road transport will make funding a national highway system a critical concern.     

“泉州学“/跨文化研究/文化并存

深秋季节,北方的寒意可比隆冬的南方;一次涉及"文化互动"的学术会议[1],定在依然温润的东南滨海之城泉州举行.会议联络人之一,是福建省泉州海外交通史博物馆馆长王连茂学长.他约我以"海上丝绸之路泉州"为例,来讨论中外文化互动的历史、作用及意义.不讳言我不是这一行的专家;所幸者,我自己生在泉州,对家乡文化史之爱,没有随着时间的流逝而降温.我更景仰家乡文史界前辈的成就,欣赏曾活跃于地方史学界的<泉州文史>杂志及中国海交史研究会(会址设在泉州海外交通史博物馆,简称"海交馆")会刊<海交史研究>的学术追求及人文关怀.况且,在过去这二十多年里,我可以说与"泉州"与"文化互动"这两个名称结下了一种特殊的学术缘份.因而,来谈谈这个城市与她的世界,侃侃她那"有容乃大"的胸怀,无论是否合适,是否深刻,是否令人满意,却能尽一抒己见、以文会友之欢.     

狗同种异体肝段互换异位移植

本文叙述了犬同种异体肝段互换异位移植的手术方法。１４例手术９例成功，说明该方法在技术上是可行的。占全肝重量３０％的供肝段（左外叶下段）植入右肝下间隙，不会造成明显的腹腔占位问题。此处，供肝段位置接近生理状态，手术操作较为方便。供肝段切取的技术要求较高，任何损伤供肝段肝动脉和胆管支的疏忽都将导致供肝段的废用。尽量缩短供肝段的缺血时间亦是保证移植成功的重要因素之一。     

摩托车电喷发动机转速测量系统的设计

转速是摩托车电喷系统点火和喷油所依据的重要参数之一,转速测量是电喷系统的关键技术。比较器调理电路和555芯片调理电路经过实际调试均能正常工作,但从可靠性和抗干扰角度考虑,555芯片组成的施密特触发器要比比较器电路可靠性高,抗干扰能力强。文中介绍的单片机测量计算转速的2种方案,实践证明准确可行。     

GIS在铁路交通中的应用研究

本论文首先讨论了铁路GIS的国内外发展现状,并对其中存在的问题进行了简单分析。介绍了地理信息系统与组件GIS的概念及其应用。铁路与空间位置、地理环境密切相关,把地理信息系统应用与铁路交通中,对相关信息进行管理己成为铁路信息管理的必然选择。本文在分析铁路客户实际需求的基础上,基于GIS组件MapInfo MapX5,采用面向对象技术和组件对象模型,开发一个简单的铁路GIS查询系统。     

客运专线箱梁预制场选址、布置与设备配置

铁路客运专线桥梁以简支双线箱梁为主梁型,施工以现场预制为主。科学合理的梁场布置和设备配置,对节约投资,提高箱梁施工质量,加快施工进度起着重要作用。     

Effects of information in road transport networks with recurrent congestion

This paper aims to gain more insight into the implications of information provision to drivers on the performance of road transport networks with recurrent congestion. For this purpose, a simulation program consisting of three components has been written. The first component is the traffic simulation model, the second component is the information provision mechanism, and the third component monitors the behavioural decision-making process of the drivers, which is modelled using a utility-based satisficing principle. Three types of information provision mechanisms will be considered: information based upon own-experience, after-trip information and real-time en route information. The findings in this paper, obtained in a hypothetical context, underline the important relationship betweenoverreaction, thelevel of market penetration and thequality of the information. High quality information allows a high level of market penetration, while low quality information, even when provided at low levels of market penetration, induces overreaction. Furthermore, real-time en route information is in particular beneficial during the process leading to a steady state; it reduces the variance in travel time considerably. The paper concludes with a discussion on the market potential of motorist information systems when commercially marketed.     

列车运行数字仿真及其在技术标准优化建模中的应用

本文详细论述了列车运行数字仿真模型和基于仿真计算结果的运营指标的建模方法，并给出了仿真逄例也结果分析，以列车运行数字仿真的计算结果作为建模的基础数据具有一致性和可比性强，模型可靠且精度高的特点。本研究为铁路主要技术标准综合优化的推广使用奠定了必要的基础，具有广阔的应用前景。     

Effect of capacity concentration on highway corridor performance

This paper investigates, through use of analytical models, the effects of capacity concentration on highway corridor performance. It concludes that when highways operate at a fixed total capacity, decreasing the highway spacing can increase the average travel time because highways will become more congested. When highways operate below capacity, decreasing the spacing is usually beneficial as it tends to reduce trip length when accessing highways, and allows a greater percentage of travel to be completed on highways instead of arterials.     

高层建筑箱形钢柱内腔混凝土的浇筑技术

中关村金融中心为高150 m的高层建筑,其框架柱为600 mm×600 mm箱形钢柱,腔内浇筑C60混凝土。文章介绍了C60免振捣自密实混凝土的性能指标、原材料选择、配合比设计、混凝土现场验收标准等,并对内插钢管、泵送浇筑的施工工艺进行了阐述。