Topological analysis of powertrains for refuse-collecting vehicles based on real routes–Part I: Hybrid hydraulic powertrain

In this two-part paper, a topological analysis of powertrains for refuse-collecting vehicles (RCVs) based on the simulation of different architectures (internal combustion engine, hybrid electric, and hybrid hydraulic) on real routes is proposed. In this first part, a characterization of a standard route is performed, analyzing the average power consumption and the most frequent working points of an internal combustion engine (ICE) in real routes. This information is used to define alternative powertrain architectures. A hybrid hydraulic powertrain architecture is proposed and modelled. The proposed powertrain model is executed using two different control algorithms, with and without predictive strategies, with data obtained from real routes. A calculation engine (an algorithm which runs the vehicle models on real routes), is presented and used for simulations. This calculation engine has been specifically designed to analyze if the different alternative powertrain delivers the same performance of the original ICE. Finally, the overall performance of the different architectures and control strategies are summarized into a fuel and energy consumption table, which will be used in the second part of this paper to compare with the different architectures based on hybrid electric powertrain. The overall performance of the different architectures indicates that the use of a hybrid hydraulic powertrain with simple control laws can reduce the fuel consumption up to a 14 %.     

Optimal scheduling of the flexray static segment based on two-dimensional bin-packing algorithm

FlexRay is a reliable and hard real-time in-vehicle communication protocol that is strongly promoted by car manufacturers as the de facto standard in the automotive domain. The protocol offers both a time-triggered and an eventtriggered architecture. This paper focuses on the optimal scheduling of the time-triggered component of FlexRay known as the static (ST) segment using a two-dimensional bin-packing technique. To maximize the bandwidth utilization in the ST segment, a fast heuristic as well as an efficient integer linear programming approach are proposed. Our methods directly schedule signals into slots including frame packing, according to signal-based data scheduling and the slot/ cycle multiplexing mechanisms presented by the latest version of the FlexRay protocol. The benefits of our proposed methods are demonstrated by extensive experiments on synthetic and an automotive X-by-wire system case study. An additional test case is examined to emphasize the superior performance of the proposed approach relative to that of existing optimal scheduling approaches.     

2-氯-6-N-芳基取代嘌呤衍生物的合成

N6嘌呤衍生物是重要的核苷类药物的中间体.以2-氨基-6-氯嘌呤为原料,通过重氮化反应制得2,6-二氯嘌呤,收率30.5%.2,6-二氯嘌呤分别与苯胺、邻氯苯胺和对氯苯胺,通过N-烃基化反应制得2-氯-6-N-芳基嘌呤,收率75.2%;2-氯-6-N-2′-氯苯基嘌呤,收率68.5%和2-氯-6-N-4′-氯苯基嘌呤,收率63.2%.使用元素分析、核磁共振、质谱和红外光谱对所得产品进行分析,结果表明所得产品为目标产品.2-氯-6-N-芳基取代嘌呤衍生物合成的最佳工艺条件为：n（2,6-二氯嘌呤）∶n（苯胺衍生物）=1∶5,使用戊醇为反应中的溶剂,其用量为m（C5H11OH）∶m（2,6-二氯嘌呤）=23∶1,反应温度为80℃.     

Damage Accumulation in Rail Steel under Rolling with Slippage and Its Analysis

Experimental research results of surface damage accumulation in rail steel under rolling with slippage are presented. Hertz contact for two rollers made of rail and wheel steels was realized in the test. The influence of loading regime upon wear of rail is considered. The estimation of characteristics of surface fracture resistance for rail steel is made. The method to predict the life of rail steel under given conditions of regular loading is proposed.     

喧嚣的北极航道

虽然目前中国商船的北极航行之路充满艰辛,但不可否认的是,未来这条航线也孕育着无限商机。随着全球气候变暖,北极海冰加速融化,一些科学家乐观预测,在未来30年内北冰洋将出现夏季无冰期,北冰洋"黄金水道"开通成为可能。"东北航道"和"西北航道"将成为北极航线的两条主要航道。一旦这两条北极航道常年开通,将成为联系东北亚和西欧,联系北美洲东西海岸的最短航线,可以节约大约40%的海上运输成本,届时北极航线可能成为苏伊     

不露文章世已惊——扫描“基辅”航母世界

原定在天津迎客的"基辅"号航母,怎么会到了山海关?大家知道,"基辅"号航母自去年8月从俄罗斯北方军港--摩尔曼斯克港拖航至天津塘沽,呆了9个月,一直未对外开放.今年5月,航母突然赴山海关船厂整修,在山海关变成了"摇钱树".自2001年7月8日对外开放以来,游客最多每天达5600多人.人们面对这艘昔日"海上雄狮",究竟看什么,这么大的庞然大物漂浮在海上,还会从山海关回到天津吗?记者近日赴天津、山海关等地采访,竟然钻到了"航母"的肚子里……     

我国国际工程承包业的地位和发展

分析了国际工程承包市场的现状与发展趋势，以及我国在国际工程承包市场中的地位，指出了我国国际工程承包业需要解决的问题，并提出了促进其发展的建议。     

水晶瓷复合材的修复疗效观察

采用美国Ｊ．Ｐ公司生产的ＣｏｎｑｕｅｓｔＣｒｙｓｔａｌ水晶瓷抗过敏复合材对８６例患者共１２３颗前牙进行美容修复，随访两年从强度、稳固及密合度、色泽等多个方面对修复体进行评价，总有效率９０．２３％。经临床应用，认为该复合材是目前较为理想的一种前牙美容修复材料。     

抽查法在我国审计实务中的运用

通过对抽查法中三种抽样方式的具体分析,着重阐明了审计实务中如何正确运用抽查法,以使审计风险得到有效控制,并在保证一定的审计质量的同时,大大地提高审计效率.在此基础上,文中亦阐明了通过抽查法的规范实施,对促进我国审计电算化的实现所起的作用.     

开展诊断式达标培训打造职业化地铁员工

介绍了南京地铁公司诊断式达标培训员工的模式、体系和方法,以及培训成效。地铁是一个技术多元化的、复杂的大联动系统,必须建立一支职业化的员工队伍,才能确保这种现代化的交通工具安全、可靠、快捷、方便地服务公众。