Projecting travelers into a world of self-driving vehicles: estimating travel behavior implications via a naturalistic experiment

Automated driving technologies are currently penetrating the market, and the coming fully autonomous cars will have far-reaching, yet largely unknown, implications. A critical unknown is the impact on traveler behavior, which in turn impacts sustainability, the economy, and wellbeing. Most behavioral studies, to date, either focus on safety and human factors (driving simulators; test beds), assume travel behavior implications (microsimulators; network analysis), or ask about hypothetical scenarios that are unfamiliar to the subjects (stated preference studies). Here we present a different approach, which is to use a naturalistic experiment to project people into a world of self-driving cars. We mimic potential life with a privately-owned self-driving vehicle by providing 60 h of free chauffeur service for each participating household for use within a 7-day period. We seek to understand the changes in travel behavior as the subjects adjust their travel and activities during the chauffeur week when, as in a self-driving vehicle, they are explicitly relieved of the driving task. In this first pilot application, our sample consisted of 13 subjects from the San Francisco Bay area, drawn from three cohorts: millennials, families, and retirees. We tracked each subject’s travel for 3 weeks (the chauffeur week, 1 week before and 1 week after) and conducted surveys and interviews. During the chauffeur week, we observed sizable increases in vehicle-miles traveled and number of trips, with a more pronounced increase in trips made in the evening and for longer distances and a substantial proportion of “zero-occupancy” vehicle-miles traveled.     

潜艇舱室火灾后的大气监测需求研究

针对潜艇舱室火灾后的大气监测需求,利用材料火灾释放特性试验数据,结合火灾废气组分对人员的健康危害,筛选出火灾后需要重点关注的大气监测组分对象。研究表明,火灾中主要释放5种浓度高且危害性大的气体,分别为二氧化碳、氮氧化物、一氧化碳、氰化氢和二氧化硫。在开展火灾后的大气监测时,可根据火灾类型,从上述5种组分中筛选监测对象,从而在满足人员生存的同时,提高监测效率,降低工作强度,减少应急呼吸系统使用时间。相关研究对我国开展密闭环境火灾后的大气监测方案研究具有指导意义。     

Influence of Light Distribution and Installation Style of Luminaires on Power Consumption and Lighting Effect of Tunnel Lighting北大核心CSCD

Light distribution (LD) and installation style of luminaires affect the utilization factor (UF) of luminaires, and the UF affects the luminaire power and road pavement illuminance and further the power consumption of illu- minating system and the luminous effect of road pavement. An UF model of tunnel lighting was established based on the luminaire LD data and installation parameters, in which four LD styles were adopted. For each LD the parame- ters optimization and simulation were conducted regarding four installation styles, e.g. central style, offset-of-vault style, symmetric style and staggered style. The energy-saving and the lighting effects of each LD and luminaire in- stallation style at the tunnel middle zone were studied. The results show that symmetric luminaire installation is the most energy-saving style and has the best lighting effect than the other three luminaire installation styles; the lighting effect of central luminaire installation is the second best; staggered luminaire installation is the most energy-intensive style and has the worst lighting effect except for some special-shaped LD; waterdrop-shaped LD is the most suitable one along transverse direction of tunnel and applicable to the central, offset-of-vault and symmetric luminaire instal- lation styles; symmetric butterfly-shaped LD is the most suitable one along longitudinal direction of tunnel and appli- cable to the central, offset-of-vault, staggered and symmetric luminaire installation styles; with waterdrop-shaped LD along transverse direction and symmetric butterfly-shaped LD along longitudinal direction, they are suitable for the above four luminaire installation styles, and have better energy-saving and lighting effect; as for the LD with symmetric and oblique curve, it’s better for the profile of oblique luminaire distribution to be comply with that along tunnel transverse direction, and it is suitable for the symmetric and offset-of-vault luminaire installation styles. © 2018, Editorial Office of "Modern Tunnelling Technology". All right reserved.     

管道仿真技术发展与应用进展

文中从泄漏分析与检测、在线仿真、运行优化与储气调峰方面,分析了国内外管道仿真技术的应用现状。结合当前存在的主要问题,提出应针对仿真软件易用性、高度集成的建模技术和决策支持系统等开展深入研究,以加强对管道的控制及提高管道安全性。     

内燃机曲轴轴承的润滑状态计算分析

提出分析计算曲轴轴承润滑状态较为精确的方法。介绍了改进的轴心轴迹计算程序的计算模型、原理及方法，并应用该程序对１６２４０柴油机的曲轴轴承进行分析计算。计算结果表明，所得的结果比较精确。     

新冠肺炎疫情下对我国应急交通运输体系的思考及建议

应急交通运输是国家应急管理体系的重要组成部分,但其在新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情防控中暴露出一定程度的不足。为完善我国应急交通运输体系,首先剖析了我国应急交通运输体系存在的问题,即应急物资保障能力不足、重大疫情防控救助措施和手段有待提升、重大疫情联动响应机制尚需优化等;然后,总结了美国和日本应急运输的经验做法;最后,提出完善我国应急交通运输体系的一些政策建议,如进一步完善顶层设计,在交通运输部常设国家应急管理交通运输协调中心,充分发挥交通运输的社会性功能,优化联动响应机制等。     

多重化双向DC-DC变换器在DCM状态下电感电流纹波研究

本文首先分析了多重化双向DC-DC变换器的工作原理。在频域内分别对单个DC-DC变换器和多重化双向DC-DC变换器在电流断续状态下的电流用Fourier级数展开,导出了电流各次标准化谐波幅值及其比值与占空比的定量表达式。在时域内依据基于多重化结构的双向DC-DC变换器合成总电感电流波形特征导出了多重化双向DC-DC变换器与单个DC—DC变换器电感电流的脉动率比与占空比的定量表达式。定量表达式表明,多重化双向DC-DC变换器与单个DC—DC变换器相比,电感电流纹波及其谐波明显减小。这些定量表达式为大功率DC-DC变换器拓扑结构和工作点的选择提供依据。     

一种基于RBF神经网络无位置传感器控制

利用人工神经网络在处理非线性、不确定问题上的优势,提出一种基于FRA优化的RBF神经网络实现无刷直流电机的无位置传感器控制,通过对电机相电压和相电流的映射,估算出准确的电机换相信号。实验结果验证了本文方法的有效性。     

指定分包下施工管理存在的问题及对策

在工程实际施工阶段,总承包商对所不熟知的指定分包商,如何进行管理与调控以保证工程质量、成本、进度的最优化,是工程总承包商所亟待解决的问题.探讨指定分包下施工管理存在的问题及对策.     

兆瓦级永磁直驱式风力发电系统中背靠背变流器系统的设计

本文介绍了用于2MW直驱风力发电系统的自研全功率变流器的组成与设计,详细分析了该变流器系统所采用控制策略,认为在这一功率等级下,采用Us／fs=E0／fs矢量控制技术较常用的最大转矩／电流比控制更有利于系统的安全运行。同时,对其中的其它关键系统设计（通讯系统、系统保护与监控系统）做了说明。通过在风场的实际测试与运行,结果表明所设计的变流器系统能够满足设计要求,并配合整套风机系统实现最大功率捕获。