Toward an SCA-OSGi based middleware for radio frequency identification applications

The radio frequency identification (RFID) technology progressing is becoming a increasing interest in several application areas. To accommodate diverse and changing requirements from applications,RFID middleware should be reconfigurable. However,current RFID middleware is limited in its ability to support reconfiguration. To solve this problem,we adopt the service-oriented component-based approach in building the middleware. Component-based design enables decomposition of middleware functionality and is eas...     

富氮进气对发动机NO_x排放及性能的影响

通过变进气组分,研究富氮进气对发动机NOx排放和性能的影响。结果表明,富氮进气组分对发动机动力性、燃油经济性和排放性能有显著影响:燃烧受到抑制,燃烧温度降低,NOx排放显著减少。但富氮进气将不同程度地导致发动机功率下降,比油耗升高,HC和CO排放增加。在低富氮程度下,NOx排放可显著降低,而其它的不利影响较小。另外,富氮界限较窄,超出界限将对燃烧产生明显的不利影响,因此富氮组分界限的合理确定和协同优化控制极其重要。     

Assessment of the pedestrian friendliness of a vechicle using subsystem impact tests

Annually, thousands of unprotected pedestrians are killed or suffer serious injuries in accidents with moving vehicles. Numerous automobile organizations have performed research on pedestrian safety. The European Enhanced Vehicle- Safety Committee (EEVC), Working Group 17 (WG17) proposed three component subsystem tests to evaluate the friendliness of a vehicle to pedestrians: the legform to hood test, the upper legform to bonnet leading edge test and the headform to bonnet top test. In assessing the pedestrian friendliness of a vehicle, the present study adopted the WG17 regulations of the three component subsystem tests. We herein describe in detail a finite element subsystem model built to analyze the pedestrian friendliness of a vehicle using LS-DYNA. The first objective of this study was to simulate these three component subsystem impact tests and evaluate car front aggressiveness. The second objective was to analyze the frontal structures of a vehicle and, based on the simulation results, identify dangerous areas and provide suggestions for vehicle front design that may decrease pedestrian injuries. The analysis of these models and the results obtained may be used to help evaluate the pedestrian friendliness of a vehicle and guide the future development of pedestrian-friendly vehicle technologies.     

Effects of stack array orientation on fuel cell efficiency for auxiliary power unit applications

The commercial fuel cell products currently appearing on the market are self-contained fuel cell engines. These engines can be used for many applications that are presently dominated by internal combustion engines or batteries. Vehicle mounted fuel cell auxiliary power units have been attracting attention lately. Additionally, there is a market based incentive to use multiple small fuel cell arrays in place of a single large fuel cell for some applications. Typically, fuel cells are designed to operate as stand-alone units. This paper investigates the ability of small commercial stacks to operate in common array arrangements. Although an individual Nexa is able to produce 1500 W, Dual Nexas do not maintain that capability while in array configurations. With an overall load share ratio of 1.02:1 the series array reliably produced 2900 W of power, while with an overall load share ratio of 1.09:1 the parallel array reliably produced only 2800 W of power. This study shows that array orientation affects both system stack net efficiency and individual stack net efficiency. The information gained from this study may be helpful for fuel cell design and integration.     

Hydroplaning simulations for tires using FEM,FVM and an asymptotic method

Hydroplaning tires have been frequently simulated using commercial explicit FEM (Finite Element Method) codes. However, these simulations are slow, and the result of the lift force is so oscillatory that the hydroplaning speed cannot be accurately determined. Thus, in the author’s previous study, a new methodology using FDM (Finite Difference Method) code and an FE tire model iteratively was proposed. However, this full iteration method still required a long computation time, especially for patterned tires. Thus, in this study, the full iteration methodology was modified such that no iteration or only one additional iteration was needed at each speed. Then, by applying the full iteration method, no iteration method and one iteration method, the hydroplaning speeds of a straight-grooved tire were determined, and it was noted that the hydroplaning speed obtained from the one iteration method was almost the same as that obtained from the full iteration method. Moreover, the hydroplaning speeds of two patterned tires were determined using the one iteration method, and they were compared with the hydroplaning speeds obtained experimentally.     

Numerical study of a light-duty diesel engine with a dual-loop EGR system under frequent engine operating conditions using the doe method

Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) is an emission control technology that allows for a significant reduction in NOx emissions from light- and heavy-duty diesel engines. The primary effects of EGR are a lower flame temperature and a lower oxygen concentration of the working fluid in the combustion chamber. A high pressure loop (HPL) EGR is characterized by a fast response, especially at lower speeds, but is only applicable if the turbine upstream pressure is sufficiently higher than the boost pressure. On the contrary, for the low pressure loop (LPL) EGR, a positive differential pressure between the turbine outlet and the compressor inlet is generally available. However, a LPL EGR is characterized by a slow response, especially at low and moderate speeds. In this study, of the future types of EGR systems, the dual-loop EGR system (which has the combined features of the high-pressure loop EGR and the low-pressure loop EGR) was developed and was optimized under five selected operating conditions using a commercial engine simulation program (GT-POWER) and the DOE method. Finally, significant improvements in the engine exhaust emissions and performance were obtained by controlling several major variables.     

Analysis of bus rollover protection under legislated standards using LS-DYNA software simulation techniques

A bus rollover is one of the worst vehicle accidents that can occur. Because of the large numbers of passengers, the casualties in a bus rollover are often high and severe. The compliance with rollover safety standards for buses and coaches is mandated by law. This paper presents a comparative analysis of the physical meanings of regulation number 66 of the Economic Commission for Europe (ECE R66) and standard number 220 of the American Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (FMVSS 220). This comparison was carried out using a LS-DYNA finite-element analysis. After performing a comparative analysis following ECE R66 and FMVSS 220 assessments, the investigation further demonstrated the distortion configuration of the vehicle superstructure through the absorbed energy and its distribution over the vehicle and in sections of vehicle superstructure as well as the violation of the passenger compartment under the rollover testing conditions of both ECE R66 and FMVSS 220. Great differences were found between ECE R66 and FMVSS 220 in distortion configuration, reflecting differences in capability and rollover testing conditions. These findings provide a means of evaluating bus superstructure strength and provide guidelines useful in the assessment of regulations applied to the evaluation of bus rollover strength.     

Design of active suspension and electronic stability program for rollover prevention

This paper presents a method for the design of a controller for rollover prevention using active suspension and an electronic stability program (ESP). Active suspension is designed with linear quadratic static output feedback control methodology to attenuate the effect of lateral acceleration on the roll angle and suspension stroke via control of the suspension stroke and tire deflection of the vehicle. However, this approach has a drawback in the loss of maneuverability because the active suspension for rollover prevention produces in vehicles an extreme over-steer characteristic. To overcome this drawback of the active suspension based method, ESP is designed. Through simulations, the proposed method is shown to be effective in preventing rollover.     

Modified one-step reaction equation for modeling the oxidation of unburned hydrocarbons in engine conditions

The oxidation of unburned hydrocarbons from piston crevices was modeled using a modified one-step reaction equation. This new one-step oxidation model was developed by modifying the Arrhenius reaction rate coefficients of the conventional one-step reaction equation. The predictions of the new one-step oxidation model agree well with the results of the detailed chemical reaction mechanism in terms of the 90% oxidation time of the fuel. The effects of pressure and intermediate species in the burnt gas on the oxidation rate were also investigated and included as additional multiplying factors in the modification of the equation. To simulate the oxidation process of unburned hydrocarbons from a piston crevice, a two-dimensional computational mesh, based on the conventional engine geometry, was constructed with a fine mesh density at the regions of the piston crevice and cylinder wall. The number of cell layers in the cylinder was controlled according to the piston motion to model the out-flow of unburned hydrocarbons from the piston crevice during the expansion stroke. The effects of engine operational conditions on the oxidation rate were examined at several engine speeds and load conditions, and the sensitivity of the oxidation rate to the piston crevice volume was also evaluated. Finally, the new one-step oxidation model was applied to a three-dimensional computational mesh that modeled the three-dimensional engine geometry and piston-valve motions to simulate the oxidation of unburned hydrocarbons in a real engine condition.     

Processing and fiber content effects on the machinability of compression moulded random direction short GFRP composites

The random direction short Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastics (GFRP) have been prepared by two compression moulding processes, namely the Preform and Sheet Moulding Compound (SMC) processes. Cutting force analysis and surface characterization are conducted on the random direction short GFRPs with varying fiber contents (25∼40%). Edge trimming experiments are preformed using carbide inserts with varing the depth of cut and cutting speed. Machining characteristics of the Preform and SMC processed random direction short GFRPs are evaluated in terms of cutting forces, surface quality, and tool wear. It is found that composite primary processing and fiber contents are major contributing factors influencing the cutting force magnitudes and surface textures. The SMC composites show better surface finish over the Preform composites due to less delamination and fiber pullouts. Moreover, matrix damage and fiber protrusions at the machined edge are reduced by increasing fiber content in the random direction short GFRP composites.