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951.
Z. Gawroński A. Malasiński J. Sawicki 《International Journal of Automotive Technology》2010,11(1):127-131
Recent developments in the aerospace and automotive industries have significantly affected the progress of modern manufacturing technologies, including the heat treatment of gear wheels. This view has been expressed in the works of Gräfen and Edenhofer (1999), Herring and Houghton (1995), Preisser et al. (1998) and Sugiyama et al. (1999). For ecological and economic reasons, however, traditional treatments are still in use. Additionally, the implementation of a new process in the aerospace industry is very difficult due to the safety precautions that are involved in this kind of production. In order to protect the surfaces of components from disadvantageous structural changes related to the hardening process (oxidation, decarburization and carburizing) galvanic copper plating is widely used even though the process is known to be harmful to the environment. On the other hand, as pointed out by Dawes and Cooksey (1965), it is commonly known that the most effective protection of a batch against these undesirable effects is a protective atmosphere applied during the heating. Therefore, the development of a fully controlled and repeatable process of gear wheel heat treatment under a protective atmosphere will reduce the global emission of toxic substances originating from galvanic copper plating and cooper stripping processes, while at the same time providing more effective protection of the parts. 相似文献
952.
The in-cylinder RGF (residual gas fraction) of internal combustion engines for new combustion concepts, such as CAI (controlled
auto ignition) or HCCI (homogenous charged compression ignition), is a major parameter that affects the combustion characteristics.
Thus, measurement or prediction of the cycle-by-cycle RGF and investigation into the relation between the RGF and the combustion
phenomena are critical issues. However, on-line prediction of the cycle-by-cycle RGF during engine testing is not always practical
due to the requirement of expensive, fast response exhaust-gas analyzers and/or theoretical models that are just too slow
for application. In this study, an on-line model that can predict the RGF of each engine cycle and cylinder during the experiment
in the test cell has been developed. This enhanced model can predict the in-cylinder charge conditions of each engine cycle
during the test in three seconds by using the measured dynamic pressures of the intake, exhaust, and cylinder as the boundary
conditions. A Fortran77 code was generated to solve the 1-D MOC (method of characteristics). This code was linked to Labview
DAQ as a form of DLL (dynamic link library) to obtain three boundary pressures for each cycle. The model was verified at various
speeds and valve timings under the CAI mode by comparing the results with those of the commercial code, GT-Power. 相似文献
953.
W. H. Wang Q. Cao K. Ikeuchi H. Bubb 《International Journal of Automotive Technology》2010,11(6):873-881
Owing to significantly individual differences in everyday driving behavior, it is quite difficult to assess the relative importance
of driver errors compared with vehicle faults or road environment anomalies. This paper briefly presents several basic concepts
for analysis of driving dependability including driving errors, driving reliability, driver recovery from erroneous actions,
and key factors that shape driving behavior. This presentation is followed by construction of a shaping architecture for driving
behavior that consists of a perception stage, a decision-making stage, an execution stage and correlativity among stages,
in addition to internal feedback from complex traffic states. The causation classification of driving errors is then discussed
in the context of three elemental types: perception error, decision-making error and execution error. The emphasis of this
paper is on how to quantify driving dependability in order to identify various erroneous driver actions during traffic accidents.
Specifically, this paper proposes a methodology to measure the probability of driving errors by considering the driver recovery
from erroneous actions. The purpose of model-based driving dependability analysis is to quantitatively and qualitatively analyze
the relationship between driving errors and traffic accidents causations. 相似文献
954.
S. -J. Park S. -W. Chae E. -S. Kim 《International Journal of Automotive Technology》2010,11(3):441-445
Neck fracture is a major cause of death in traffic accidents. This pattern of injury normally occurs in a frontal collision
or overturn of a vehicle. This study investigates the case of a neck fracture from a low-speed collision. In the examined
case, the passenger in the front seat of the car fractured his neck and died. He did not have his seatbelt on when the vehicle
slipped on a frozen road surface on a downward slope of a hill and impacted into the shoulder of the road at low speed. In
this type of collision, an occupant’s body will be impacted by the windshield or other interior trim of the car. However,
in this case, rather unusually, neither body tissue nor fiber remained although the collision involved a broken windshield.
Thus, the reason for the passenger death was unidentified. This study applied the computer simulation package Madymo for analyzing
the accident. The result of the simulation was that the passenger, who did not wear a seatbelt, moved forward due to inertia.
The upper part of the passenger then rotated and lifted when the knee contacted with the dashboard. By evaluating the structural
deformation of the vehicle at the front, we deduced that the collision velocity was 30 km/h. Through a computational experiment
that was undertaken using Madymo 7.0, NIC was estimated to be 240 m2/s2. This result far exceeded the threshold for neck injuries. In particular, in comparison with whiplash injuries, when the
passenger’s head directly impacts the roof following a rear-end collision, the bending moment through hyperextension of the
neck is greatly increased. In this study, we concluded that the manner of death was the hyperextension of the neck, as the
passenger’s head contacted the roof from underneath. 相似文献
955.
P. K. Bose K. Roy N. Mukhopadhya R. K. Chakraborty 《International Journal of Automotive Technology》2010,11(1):1-10
Particulate matter is considered to be the most harmful pollutant emitted into air from diesel engine exhaust, and its reduction
is one of the most challenging problems in modern society. Several after-treatment retrofit programs have been proposed to
control such emission, but to date, they suffer from high engineering complexity, high cost, thermal cracking, and increased
back pressure, which in turn deteriorates diesel engine combustion performance. This paper proposes a solution for controlling
diesel soot particulate emissions by an improved theoretical model for calculating the overall collection efficiency of a
cyclone. The model considers the combined effect of collection efficiencies of both outer and inner vortices by introducing
a particle distribution function to account for the non-uniform distribution of soot particles across the turbulent vortex
section and by including the Cunningham correction factor for molecular slip of the particles. The cut size diameter model
has also been modified and proposed by introducing the Cunningham correction factor for molecular slip of the separated soot
particles under investigation. The results show good agreements with the existing theoretical and experimental studies of
cyclones and diesel particulate filter flow characteristics of other applications. 相似文献
956.
Hydraulic hybrid powertrains are a critical technology used in buses to improve fuel economy and emission performance. New exploration in configuring a parallel hydraulic hybrid bus (PHHB) is developed in this paper with no changes made to the conventional base bus driveline. An integrated model and simulation of the parallel hydraulic hybrid bus is built based on AMESim, which is used to model the hydraulic powertrain and conventional bus driveline, and interlinked with a Matlab/Simulink/Stateflow model of the control unit. Compared to conventional buses, the fuel economy of the PHHB improved by 28% in real road tests at the SMVIC (National Center of Supervision and Inspection on Motor Products Quality (Shanghai)); the approximate improvement of fuel economy was 30% in simulated runs, which validates our model. Then a Non-linear Programming by Quadratic Lagrangian algorithm (NLPQL), is applied to optimize control strategies for improving fuel economy and emissions. Simulations also demonstrate that fuel economy and emission performance can be significantly improved. However, optimum parameters for maximum fuel economy and minimum emissions are not consistent. Simulation results show tradeoffs between fuel economy and emissions in PHHB, and optimal parameters can be selected by balancing design objectives. 相似文献
957.
The eight-channel test rig is widely used in durability assessment of vehicle components while for some cases of rear suspension,
this costly instrument is unnecessary. Based on the analysis of structure and forces, a simpler one-channel testing approach
is presented for the durability calculation of a dependent rear suspension. Taking a punched rear shock tower as the study
object, a FEA strain-stress analysis was first performed to determine the risk area. Then, the entire vehicle test system
was created, and the proving ground tests were carried out so that the real strain on the part could be measured. Based on
the road test data and the P-S-N curve of the component, the cumulative fatigue damage of a 15,000-kilometer proving ground
test road was calculated, and the computational result indicates that the modified structure was safe for durability analysis.
Moreover, a standard 50% S-N survival fraction curve was plotted using Corten and Dolan’s method, which can be utilized in
the durability analysis for other similar components. Finally, the road test for this modified suspension structure was carried
out, and the test result certified that the punched shock tower can be subjected to a 15,000-kilometer proving ground test
road without the appearance of fatigue failure. 相似文献
958.
S. H. Jeong C. G. Choi J. N. Oh P. J. Yoon B. S. Kim M. Kim K. H. Lee 《International Journal of Automotive Technology》2010,11(3):409-416
This paper presents a low cost design and implementation of a parallel parking assist system (PPAS) based on ultrasonic sensors.
Generally, a PPAS requires several types of sensors, such as an ultrasonic sensor, camera sensor, radar sensor and laser sensor
for parking space detection. However, our proposed PPAS only requires two ultrasonic sensors on the front and lateral sides
for parking space detection. Moreover, a steering angle sensor and wheel speed sensor installed in the vehicle are used to
obtain vehicle position information for localization in ultrasonic range data. The hardware architecture of the PPAS based
on an electronic control unit (ECU) module, sensor modules and a human machine interface (HMI) module was proposed. Moreover,
the software architecture of the PPAS is based on system initialization, scheduling, recognition and a control algorithm.
In particular, a novel sensor algorithm was proposed to minimize the vehicle corner error of the ultrasonic sensor. A prototype
of the PPAS based on the proposed architecture was constructed. The experimental results demonstrate that the implemented
prototype is robust and successfully performs parking space detection and automatic steering control. Finally, the low cost
design and implementation of the PPAS was possible due to the cheap ultrasonic sensors, simple hardware design and low computational
complexity of the proposed algorithm. 相似文献
959.
As more electrical equipment is installed and larger currents are required in vehicles, the automotive ground system becomes
more important to guarantee the stable operation of the equipment and efficient power consumption. In this paper, an automotive
ground system is analyzed in a steady-state condition, and a simulation model for estimating its ground voltage distribution
is described. The automotive ground system is divided into an engine compartment ground and a body ground, and it is modeled
as an equivalent resistor network, which is suitable for simulation. By using the developed model, ground voltages are simulated
and measurements are taken with a real car. A comparison of the simulation and measurement results shows good agreement, and
the validity of the model is confirmed. Then, the factors that dominate the ground voltage level are discussed. 相似文献
960.
Y. -M. Kim Y. -G. Kim S. -W. Kim C. -K. Park T. -W. Park 《International Journal of Automotive Technology》2010,11(5):673-680
The performance of brakes has become important due to increased train speeds. The brake system of a train must possess a large
brake force to stop the train safely within a limited stopping distance. However, an excessive brake force deteriorates the
ride comfort and causes the train to skid. Therefore, it is necessary to control the brake force within the adhesion force
limit. This paper presents an analytical method to estimate the relationship between the brake and adhesion forces of a disc
brake system. This method has been applied to the actual disc braking control system of the Korea High-Speed Train (HSR350x),
and the adhesion force is estimated in an actual skid condition. 相似文献