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991.
Cheol Woong Park Chang Gi Kim Young Choi Sun Youp Lee Sung Won Lee Ui Hyung Yi Jang Hee Lee Tae Min Kim Duk Sang Kim 《International Journal of Automotive Technology》2017,18(6):1061-1066
Natural gas fuel, as an alternative energy source of transportation, has been used widely since it has an advantage of low emission levels. However, new technologies are required in order to meet the reinforced emission regulations. For this purpose, research into the development of hydrogen-compressed natural gas (HCNG) blend engine was carried out to evaluate its feasibility and emission characteristics. The Engine Research Department at the Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials carried out a large number of tests based on various parameter changes that could affect the performance and emission of HCNG engine in different operating conditions. An earlier stage of the research project focused on the lean combustion of a HCNG engine for heavy duty vehicles to meet the EURO-VI standards. An 11-L/6-cylinder CNG engine was used for the test. The effects of the excess air ratio change were assessed based on various content ratios of hydrogen in the natural gas fuel. In the later part of the HCNG research, a stoichiometric mixture operation was suggested to meet reinforced emission regulation without requiring a De-NOx system. Additionally, an exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) system was introduced for the purpose of improving thermal efficiency and durability. The optimal operating conditions were selected to achieve the best thermal efficiency to meet the required emission levels. In this paper, we demonstrate that a HCNG engine can achieve a significant decrease in NOx emissions, as compared to that of a CNG engine, while meeting the requirements of the EURO-VI standards during a transient mode cycle test. EGR can suppress the weakness of stoichiometric mixture combustion strategy, such as the deterioration of the durability and thermal efficiency, while the emission level can be lowered with the use of a three-way catalyst. The possibility of further reduction of emissions and CO2 with EGR was evaluated to access practical application of a HCNG engine in the field. From that evaluation, the HCNG engine with stoichiometric mixture operation for heavy duty vehicles was developed. The emission levels of HCNG engine were 50 % lower when compared to the EURO-VI standards with a greater than 10 % decrease in CO2 compared to that of a natural gas engine. 相似文献
992.
As a new type of hull form, trimaran has remarkable excellent performances and has drawn more and more attention. When the viscous CFD technology now available is applied to the research of resistance performance of trimaran, the spatial discretization would usually result in the grid error and uncertainty, and thus the considerable discrepancy between the numerical results and the experimental data. In order to ascertain how much the grid would affect the calculation, the grid convergence should be studied. A mathematical trimaran was chosen as an example, with the commercial code CFX for the simulation, VOF for surface treatment, and the grid study was carried out based on two different turbulence models. It was concluded that carrying out grid study is helpful in estimating the grid error and uncertainty, and indicating the direction of improving the credibility of the numerical calculation, and, in addition to grid errors and uncertainties, the turbulence modeling errors and uncertainties contribute to the simulation errors. 相似文献
993.
本文根据新校区校园网的规划和建设历程,探讨了针对当前新校区校园网建设所涉及的具体规划原则和方法,提出了现阶段新校区网络技术的选择标准。 相似文献
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Rectangular tiles can be laid on a ship’s hull for protection, but the sides of the tiles must be adjusted so adjacent tiles
will conform to the curvature of the hull. A method for laying tiles along a reference line was proposed, and an allowable
range of displacement for the four vertices of the tile was determined. Deformations of each tile on a specific reference
line were then obtained. It was found that the least deformation was required when the tiles were laid parallel to a line
with the least curvature. After calculating the mean curvature on the surface, the surface was divided into three layout areas.
A set of discrete points following the least deformation of the principal curvatures was obtained. A NURBS interpolation curve
was then plotted as the reference line for laying tiles. The optimum size of the tiles was obtained, given the allowable maximum
deformation condition. This minimized the number of bolts and the amount of stuffing. A typical aft hull section was selected
and divided into three layout areas based on the distribution of curvature. The optimum sizes of rectangular tiles were obtained
for every layout area and they were then laid on the surface. In this way the layout of the rectangular tiles could be plotted. 相似文献
998.
While much of the scholarly literature on immigrants’ travel focuses on transit use, the newest arrivals to the United States
make over twelve times as many trips by carpool as by transit. Using the 2001 National Household Travel Survey and multinomial
logit mode choice models, we examine the determinants of carpooling. In particular, we focus on the likelihood of carpooling
among immigrants—carpooling both within and across households. After controlling for relevant determinants of carpooling,
we find that immigrants are far more likely to form household carpools than native-born adults and also are more likely than
the native-born to form external carpools (outside the household). Moreover, when faced with the options of carpooling and
public transit, immigrants—even recent arrivals—appear to prefer carpools over transit more strongly than the native born. 相似文献
999.
Based on nonlinear trajectory generation (NTG) software package, a general approach (i.e. numerical solution) to trajectory
planning for yoyo motion is presented. For the real-time control of such periodical dynamic system, a critical problem is
how to implement fast solving the optimal trajectory, so as to meet the real-time demand. However, traditional numerical solution
methods are very time-consuming. In this paper, the optimization problem is solved by mapping the problem to a lower-dimension
space. And combined with multithread programming technology, the computation time for solving the optimal trajectory is greatly
reduced. Simulation results show that the numerical solution is identical to the analytic one, which demonstrates the correctness
of the proposed method. The computation time of one cycle of yoyo simulation is about 10 ms, which shows that the proposed
numerical method can be applied to the real-time control of yoyo playing. 相似文献
1000.
Comprised by a swarm of acoustically linked and cooperative autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) with onboard sensors, an
underwater mobile sensing network (UMSN) will be a complementary means to fixed observatory networks, e.g. seafloor observatory
networks and moored buoy arrays. It has obvious advantages over a single large AUV in higher efficiency due to parallel observation,
stronger robustness to vehicle failures and lower cost. Although an UMSN can be viewed as a counterpart of wireless mobile
sensing networks for air and terrestrial applications, it is much more challenging due to poor performance of underwater acoustic
communication, poor performance of underwater positioning and high degree of uncertainty in vehicle dynamics and underwater
environment. In order to verify key technologies involved in an UMSN, e.g. cooperation of multi-AUVs based on acoustic communication,
a low cost testbed has been developed for experimental study. The design of both hardware and software is introduced. Also
the results of a functional test for verification of the effectiveness of the testbed are presented. 相似文献