CFD-based method of determining form factor <Emphasis Type="Italic">k</Emphasis> for different ship types and different drafts

The value of form factor k at different drafts is important in predicting full-scale total resistance and speed for different types of ships. In the ITTC community, most organizations predict form factor k using a low-speed model test. However, this method is problematic for ships with bulbous bows and transom. In this article, a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)-based method is introduced to obtain k for different type of ships at different drafts, and a comparison is made between the CFD method and the model test. The results show that the CFD method produces reasonable k values. A grid generating method and turbulence model are briefly discussed in the context of obtaining a consistent k using CFD.     

硝酸银生产工艺改进研究及效果

改进了硝酸银生产工艺中的除杂、过滤和蒸发环节,通过试验确定了新的工艺参数,改进后大大提高了生产效率和产能,减小了劳动量、银损耗,质量更加稳定。     

大功率IGBT短路故障分析

IGBT模块正常条件下运转正常,但在低电感短路条件下时,却出现故障。通过对商用IGBT模块的主电流通路和栅极结构的内部电气通路进行分析,获取了部分电感的自感和互感。对部分电感应用PSPICE进行建模,经过仿真发现在短路试验时电流最高的通路与故障芯片的位置是一致的。同时还提出了一个相似的IGBT模块的布局方案。对IGBT模块的几何排布进行了建模仿真并给出了仿真结果。     

基于Icepak仿真的散热器优化设计

发热器件通过与散热器表面接触,将温度迅速传递到大面积的散热翅片上,然后由翅片间高速的常温气流吸收后带走,形成一条散热通道,保证发热器件在工作中始终处于适宜的器件温度。通过不断优化设计风冷散热器的翅片参数,如:翅片厚度,翅片高度,翅片长度等来寻找到理想的设计参数,并以此来提高风冷散热器的散热效果,以便能在减小风冷散热器体积的情况下获得相似的散热效果,提高整个电子设备的功率密度。     

Integrated optimization of location and signal timings for midblock pedestrian crosswalk

Finding the optimal location and signal timing plan is one of the most critical operational issues for a signalized midblock crosswalk on an arterial section, which is increasingly being installed in highly populated areas in developing countries such as China. This paper presents a multiobjective optimization model and an efficient solution algorithm for a one‐ or two‐stage midblock crosswalk on an arterial section. The proposed model aims to produce the optimal location and corresponding signal settings to balance the trade‐off between pedestrian delays and vehicular bandwidth when the signals of the crosswalk and adjacent intersections are coordinated. The proposed model has three distinguishing features: (i) the costs for both pedestrians and vehicles are considered in a unified framework; (ii) the location and signal settings of the midblock crosswalk are simultaneously optimized; and (iii) a multiobjective optimization approach is developed to study the effectiveness of the midblock crosswalk under conditions in which the priorities between pedestrian and vehicle flows differ. A nondominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA II)‐based algorithm is developed to solve the model efficiently. The results of the case study showed that the proposed model would help traffic practitioners, researchers, and authorities properly locate and signalize a one‐ or two‐stage midblock pedestrian crosswalk on an arterial section. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

机外净化技术对 GDI 发动机颗粒排放的影响

通过缸内直喷汽油机颗粒测量试验,研究了怠速工况、最大扭矩工况及常用工况下三效催化器（TWC）和汽油机用颗粒捕集器（GPF）对发动机尾气中颗粒数量浓度及质量浓度的处理效率。结果表明：在低转速小负荷工况,三效催化器与颗粒捕集器对颗粒具有较高的处理效率;随着转速与负荷的增加,两者的处理效率均下降,三效催化器对颗粒处理能力明显降低,而颗粒捕集器整体保持较高的捕集效率;当二者联合工作时,在常用行驶工况下对颗粒的捕集效率达到80％以上。在高转速大负荷工况,由于尾气空速增加,颗粒捕集器捕集效率下降导致整个后处理系统对颗粒的处理效率降低。     

基于 GT-Crank 仿真的柴油机气缸磨损时瞬时转速分析

利用 GT‐Crank 软件对柴油机曲轴瞬时转速进行仿真分析计算,研究了正常状态、单缸磨损、多个相邻缸磨损和多个非邻缸磨损状态下瞬时转速的变化规律,提取了状态特征参数,并分析了气缸磨损对其他缸的影响,为深入研究瞬时转速在柴油机状态检测诊断中的应用提供了理论依据。     

涡轮增压发动机低辛烷值燃料的试验研究

研究基于一台2.3 L四缸的涡轮增压汽油机,国内的推荐燃油为RON95汽油。由于匹配该发动机的车型要出口伊朗,当地的燃油多为RON85汽油;因此,需要在台架上进行低辛烷值燃料的性能开发试验。试验中需要综合调整点火提前角(Spark advanced Angle,SA)、空燃比(Air Fuel Ratio,AFR)以及最大增压压力确保该发动机在任何工况下正常运行,且不发生爆震现象。结果表明:由于使用燃料的辛烷值降低,点火提前角普遍减小。而点火提前角的降低又会引起排气温度的升高,降低空燃比进行催化器保护。接近外特性工况下,通过降低最大增压压力,牺牲发动机的性能来确保其稳定运行。     

Stress sensitivity analysis and optimization of automobile body frame consisting of rectangular tubes

At conceptual design stage, beam element is extensively used to create the frame structure of automobile body, which can not only archive the accurate stiffness but also reduce much computational cost. However, the stress definition of beam element is very complex so that the stress sensitivity and optimization are difficult to analytically derive and numerically program. This paper presents an solution to this problem and an application in the lightweight optimization design of automobile frame. Firstly, maximal Von Mises stress of rectangular tube is calculated by using the superposition of stress, which is together induced by the axial force, bending moments, torsional moment and shear force. Secondly, the sensitivity of Von Mises Stress with respect to size design variables: breadth, height and thickness are derived, respectively. Thirdly, an optimal criterion is constructed by Lagrangian multiplier method to solve the frame optimization with stress constraints. Lastly, numerical example of car frame proves that the proposed method can guarantee the stress of each beam element almost fully reaches at the yielding stress.     

Estimation of maximum road friction coefficient based on Lyapunov method

With the real time and accurate information of motor torque and rotation speed of the four-in-wheel-motordrive electric vehicles, a slip based algorithm for estimating maximum road friction coefficient is designed using Lyapunov stability theory. Modified Burckhardt tire model is used to describe longitudinal slip property of the tire. By introducing a new state variable, a nonlinear estimator is proposed to estimate the longitudinal tire force and the maximum road friction coefficient simultaneously. With the appropriate selection of estimation gain, the convergence of the estimation error of the tire longitudinal force and maximum road friction coefficient is proved through Lyapunov stability analysis. In addition, the error is exponentially stable near the origin. Finally the method is validated with Carsim-Simulink co-simulation and real vehicle tests under multi working conditions in acceleration situation which demonstrate high computational efficiency and accuracy of this method.