Modeling delay at signalized intersections with channelized right‐turn lanes considering the impact of blockage

This paper presents a probabilistic delay model for signalized intersections with right‐turn channelization lanes considering the possibility of blockage. Right‐turn channelization is used to improve the capacity and to reduce delay at busy intersections with a lot of right‐turns. However, under heavy traffic conditions the through vehicles will likely block the channelization entrance that accrues delay to right‐turn vehicles. If the right‐turn channelization gets blocked frequently, its advantage in reducing the intersection delay is neglected and as a result the channelization lane becomes inefficient and redundant. The Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) neglects the blockage effect, which may be a reason for low efficiency during peak hours. More importantly, using HCM or other standard traffic control methods without considering the blockage effects would lead to underestimation of the delay. To overcome this issue, the authors proposed delay models by taking into account both deterministic and random aspects of vehicles arrival patterns at signalized intersections. The proposed delay model was validated through VISSIM, a microscopic simulation model. The results showed that the proposed model is very precise and accurately estimates the delay. In addition, it was found that the length of short‐lane section and proportion of right‐turn and through traffic significantly influence the approach delay. For operational purposes, the authors provided a step‐by‐step delay calculation process and presented approach delay estimates for different sets of traffic volumes, signal settings, and short‐lane section lengths. The delay estimates would be useful in evaluating adequacy of the current lengths, identifying the options of extending the short‐lane section length, or changing signal timing to reduce the likelihood of blockage. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A survey of wheel–rail contact models for rail vehicles

Accurate and efficient contact models for wheel–rail interaction are essential for the study of the dynamic behaviour of a railway vehicle. Assessment of the contact forces and moments, as well as contact geometry provide a fundamental foundation for such tasks as design of braking and traction control systems, prediction of wheel and rail wear, and evaluation of ride safety and comfort. This paper discusses the evolution and the current state of the theories for solving the wheel–rail contact problem for rolling stock. The well-known theories for modelling both normal contact (Hertzian and non-Hertzian) and tangential contact (Kalker's linear theory, FASTSIM, CONTACT, Polach's theory, etc.) are reviewed. The paper discusses the simplifying assumptions for developing these models and compares their functionality. The experimental studies for evaluation of contact models are also reviewed. This paper concludes with discussing open areas in contact mechanics that require further research for developing better models to represent the wheel–rail interaction.     

Trigger algorithm of vehicle automatic crash notification system

The Automatic Crash Notification (ACN) system is an effective technology to decrease the crash response time, improve the level of post-accident rescue and alleviate the severity of injuries. To realize this system, a vehicle terminal is developed. And based on a moving window integral algorithm, the trigger algorithm of ACN system is designed. By comparing the effect of different window widths on the trigger algorithm, we select the window width of the moving window integral algorithm as 8 ms. After system is triggered, different notify types was determined according to the change of velocity in the moving window. A sled impact simulation test shows that the impact can be identified rapidly and also the notify types can be judged by the trigger algorithm. A vehicle road test proves that the ACN system has no false trigger cases. The outcomes of this study support identifications of accidents and crash severities for both occupants and emergency centers.     

Estimation of maximum road friction coefficient based on Lyapunov method

With the real time and accurate information of motor torque and rotation speed of the four-in-wheel-motordrive electric vehicles, a slip based algorithm for estimating maximum road friction coefficient is designed using Lyapunov stability theory. Modified Burckhardt tire model is used to describe longitudinal slip property of the tire. By introducing a new state variable, a nonlinear estimator is proposed to estimate the longitudinal tire force and the maximum road friction coefficient simultaneously. With the appropriate selection of estimation gain, the convergence of the estimation error of the tire longitudinal force and maximum road friction coefficient is proved through Lyapunov stability analysis. In addition, the error is exponentially stable near the origin. Finally the method is validated with Carsim-Simulink co-simulation and real vehicle tests under multi working conditions in acceleration situation which demonstrate high computational efficiency and accuracy of this method.     

Influence of seabed sand wave on hydrodynamic performance of submersible北大核心CSCD

[目的]研究潜器在海底沙波地形干扰下的水动力特性。[方法]基于计算流体力学(CFD)方法,使用STAR-CCM+软件并结合重叠网格方法对潜器经过海底沙波的过程进行模拟,计算潜器阻力系数和升力系数在此过程中的变化。[结果]结果表明,当潜器近海底航行时,沙波地形会对潜器产生一定的干扰,当艏部运动至波峰附近时,负升力出现最大值,当艉部运动至波峰附近时,阻力出现最大值;在不同航速下,潜器表面压力分布规律的不同会导致升力系数的变化规律不同;随着近海底距离的减小,海底沙波对潜器阻力和升力变化影响显著,当H/D>5时,海底沙波对潜器阻力和升力的影响可以忽略。[结论]所做研究可为潜器的安全及操纵性能提供一定的参考。     

前后多车影响的跟驰模型及稳定性分析

驾驶员在跟车行驶过程中,通常会通过视野前后车辆的行驶状态来调整自己的跟驰行为,基于此本文提出了一种考虑驾驶员视野内双前车和后车对跟驰车辆影响的改进跟驰模型.根据线性稳定分析方法,得到了改进模型的中性稳定性条件,并通过计算机仿真模拟进行了验证.为了进一步加强验证结果及说明改进模型的优越性,同经典FVD模型进行了数值仿真对比.仿真结果表明：灵敏度α越大越有利于提高改进跟驰系统的稳定性;同经典FVD跟驰模型相比,改进模型抵抗干扰的能力更突出,能够消散交通系统中的微小扰动,具有抑制交通拥堵和稳定交通流的有利作用.     

Research on control strategy for differential steering system based on H mixed sensitivity

The differential steering system (DSS) of electric wheel vehicle gets rid of the restrictions of traditional steering system completely. As an ideal steering technology, it not only realizes the perfect combination of the road feel and the steering portability, but also realizes the harmony and unification between the steering maneuverability and safety. The structure and basic theory of the DSS of electric wheel vehicle are discussed in this paper. Based on these, the dynamic model of the steering system is built. Considering of the uncertainties and disturbances existing in the model, the H_∞ mixed sensitivity control theory is applied to achieve better tracking performance and road feel in the process of steering. Then, a H_∞ mixed sensitivity controller is designed to restrain the effect of the road disturbance and model uncertainties. The simulation results indicate that the DSS with the designed controller can effectively restrain the effect of noises and disturbances caused by random motivation from road, torque sensor measurement and model parameter uncertainty, and enable the driver to obtain satisfactory road feel.     

Modeling and control strategy development of a parallel hybrid electric bus

This paper presents the system modeling, control strategy design, and experiment validation of a parallel hybrid electric bus with an automatic manual transmission (AMT) and a dry clutch. The mathematical model representation and the system architecture of the powertrain are first described. Next, a complete control scheme including energy management strategy and coordinated control of the AMT and the clutch is presented. The controller and powertrain models are then integrated in a way that the power management and the hybrid driveline perform in real world. The analysis and validation through model simulation and comparison with experiment data are conducted. A good agreement between the model and experiment demonstrates the efficacy and credibility of the integrated model. The integrated model is employed in both simulation and bench-test assessments for the development of a hybrid control unit. The results indicate that the model-based design methodology is beneficial to systematically analyzing and understanding the dynamics of hybrid electric powertrain.     

A risk appraisal system regarding the implementation of maritime regulations by a ship operator

The shipping industry operates in a regulatory framework, where the International Maritime Organization (IMO) is the leading regulatory body. The role of the IMO is to propose maritime regulations to its member states. The successful worldwide implementation of a maritime regulation depends on how many member states adopt it. However, many maritime regulations are not adequately implemented worldwide. As a result, ship operators have found themselves in an uncomfortable position in developing their business in an unstable regulatory regime. This paper proposes an extendable and applicable methodology involving a System of Hierarchical Scorecards (SHS) to measure the implementation costs and benefits of a newly introduced or existing maritime regulation by ship operators. The regulators may use the results in evaluating newly introduced and/or existing regulations through taking into account the economic burden that will be generated to ship operators. In this paper, SHS is extended to demonstrate its applicability on evaluating a ship operator’s organization with regard to his regulatory implementation performance by the means of a case study.