3洞小净距隧道围岩压力计算方法

针对3洞小净距隧道围岩压力计算问题,基于普氏平衡拱理论,将围岩压力看作单洞隧道的基本压力与相邻隧道开挖引起的附加压力之和,提出适用于3洞小净距隧道的围岩压力计算方法;根据该计算方法研究不同岩柱厚度、开挖跨度和开挖高度对围岩压力的影响规律,并将该计算方法应用于确定八达岭长城站3洞小净距隧道围岩压力。结果表明:随着岩柱厚度的增加,围岩压力不断减小,当岩柱厚度达到某一值时,围岩压力与单洞隧道相同;岩柱厚度、边洞跨度和中洞高度变化影响整体围岩压力,中洞跨度和边洞高度仅影响各自单洞围岩压力;3洞小净距隧道的最优开挖顺序为"先边洞、后中洞",中洞围岩压力大于边洞,应力值最大点为中洞顶部。施工中应注意中洞围岩稳定,采取有效的措施对岩柱区域进行加固。     

Total oil spill costs and compensations

Although counteracting environmental programmes and policies have been strengthened, large oil spills still occur at irregular intervals. The total oil spill costs and their compensations have attracted much interest from various parties, such as local stakeholders, and state and federal governments. This paper addresses five major cost categories whose aggregations are expected to cover the overall direct and indirect costs after the release of an oil spill. Among them, research costs should not be neglected, since they tend to be high if public attention has been drawn to the case. Through an examination of the relationship between the total oil spill costs and their admissible claims, we found that:

1. admissible claims do not cover the overall costs of the oil spill, and
2. admissible claims cannot be compensated in full in the case of large spills.

Clearly, a sound oil spill contingency management aims to minimize both the environmental impacts of areas most at risk and the total oil spill costs. In this paper an economic model for measuring environmental damages following an oil spill is addressed and applied to the Prestige case which happened to be the worst oil pollution in the history of Spain. The model indicates how an ideally a priori economic evaluation may intuitively help managers to make informed as well as fast decisions in contingency cases.     

海洋石油平台钻机泥浆固控系统设计

模块钻机是海上石油钻井装置的一种,但由于其自身的特点,模块钻机的泥浆固控系统在设备选型以及总体布置上与钻井船等其它海上钻井装置有着很大不同.文章以HZ 25-3/1油田开发项目7 000 m模块钻机为例,设计了一套经济性高、布局合理,操作方便、性能可靠的净化钻井液的泥浆固控系统,本系统可以有效地去除钻井液中大于5～15μm的有害固相,保留有用固相,为钻井作业提供优质钻井液.     

金属橡胶液体复合弹簧的发展和应用

介绍了橡胶减振器的产生和发展过程，以及金属橡胶液体复合弹簧的发展与应用，着重介绍了铁路车辆用的金属橡胶液体复合弹簧的性能，最后简述了这种弹簧今后的发展情况。     

赛艇用预浸料的研制

以先进的碳纤维、芳纶纤维和高性能的环氧树脂为原料,研制适于制造赛艇的预浸料,介绍制备设备和技术,分析表明树脂溶液浓度和预浸料的线速度是影响预浸料树脂含量的因素,改进浸渍工艺后赛艇质量和性能有明显改善。     

生活小区管道直饮水的工艺及经济分析

分析了生活小区管道直饮水的净水工艺,对工艺流程各单元的原理和作用进行了阐述,并进行了经济分析,和桶装直饮水比较,管道直饮水的价格较低,表明生活小区管道直饮水系统有较大的发展空间。     

中外双边海运协定若干问题

介绍中外海运协定的历史和现状，归纳中外海运协定的基本内容，指出中外海运协定基本发展趋势，并针对中外海运协定存在的问题提出若干对策建议。     

透视我国中小港口发展

在枢纽港之争的背后,中小港口的发展应得到更多的重视,文章分析了中小港口存在的问题,明确了中小港口发展定位,指出中小港口发展动因及阻力,对其发展方向给予建议。     

浅析我国拆船业现状与发展

拆船业的发展对国家尤其是发展中国家经济发展起到重要的影响作用。本文从分析全球拆船市场、我国拆船市场入手,对我国拆船业的发展从政府及企业层面提出了相关建议。