Assessing the representativeness of a smartphone-based household travel survey in Dar es Salaam,Tanzania

The household travel survey (HTS) finds itself in the midst of rapid technological change. Traditional methods are increasingly being sidelined by digital devices and computational power—for tracking movements, automatically detecting modes and activities, facilitating data collection, etc.. Smartphones have recently emerged as the latest technological enhancement. FMS is a smartphone-based prompted-recall HTS platform, consisting of an app for sensor data collection, a backend for data processing and inference, and a user interface for verification of inferences (e.g., modes, activities, times, etc.). FMS, has been deployed in several cities of the global north, including Singapore. This paper assesses the first use of FMS in a city of the global south, Dar es Salaam. FMS in Dar was implemented over a 1-month period, among 581 adults chosen from 300 randomly selected households. Individuals were provided phones with data plans and the FMS app preloaded. Verification of the collected data occurred every 3 days, via a phone interview. The experiment reveals various social and technical challenges. Models of individual likelihood to participate suggest little bias. Several socioeconomic and demographic characteristics apparently do influence, however, the number of days fully verified per individual. Similar apparent biases emerge when predicting the likelihood of a given day being verified. Some risk of non-random, non-response is, thus, evident.     

城市干道下超浅埋平顶隧道全断面修建技术研究

位于厦门市的明发商业广场嘉禾路地下行车通道,所处围岩条件差、地下管线密集、工期紧张.该工程为平顶框架式通道,开挖跨度大、结构埋深浅、车流量大,为了保证施工的安全、地下管线的正常使用以及地面交通的正常运行,施工时必须严格控制结构变形、管线变形以及地表沉降.为此,通过有限元数值模拟,确定了全断面的施工方法,并综合应用了包括长管棚预注浆加固、尽快施做二次衬砌封闭成环和现场监控量测等在内的各项技术,使得工期缩短了1个月.通过该项工程全断面法修建技术的成功应用,获得了良好的社会、经济和环境效益,并总结出了该类工程施工时围岩变形及地表沉降的基本规律,这也为今后的相关工程积累了经验.     

黄土连拱隧道两主洞开挖面合理间距研究

山区隧道由于受地形及展线限制,一些较短的隧道常常选用连拱结构型式。通过黄土连拱隧道的三维弹塑性数值模拟,分析了在左洞施工后,右洞施工对左洞的影响规律。对于本工程,黄土连拱隧道的两洞开挖面的合理距离为30 m。推广而言,对于黄土连拱隧道,两洞的开挖距离应为单洞跨度的3倍。     

输水盾构隧洞复合衬砌结构设计计算研究

软土有压输水盾构隧洞采用管片外衬和整筑预应力内衬作复合式衬砌的设计计算中,为能较好考虑内衬与外衬管片的相互作用,以及内衬预应力荷载在隧洞施工和运营各阶段对复合衬砌结构受力的影响,本文提出了一种新的实体叠合计算模型。由于确定管片纵缝接头抗弯刚度的复杂性,文中建议对用数值模拟管片纵缝接头刚度采用了一种非线性耦合弹簧＂接触对＂的模拟系统。在采用实体单元建模的条件下,由于计入管片接头刚度的力学处理困难,文中研究了一种能以模拟管片接头刚度的简化计算方法。根据内、外衬砌接触界面处理方式的不同,文中提出了5种适合不同界面条件内、外层衬砌的相互作用模型。此外,本文还研制了内衬预应力荷载的一种转化程序,以解决采用等效荷载法施加预应力时的前处理问题。上述各点创意构思已在南水北调中线一期穿黄隧洞的结构设计研究中得到了具体反映和成功应用。     

预切槽技术及其应用中的关键技术问题

随着我国隧道建设的大发展,面临的复杂地质和环境问题以及劳动力紧张问题也越来越突出。预切槽法是一种独特的施工技术,是介于浅埋暗挖法和盾构法之间的一种方法,它和浅埋暗挖法配合可以形成复杂地质和地面环境下的新型隧道施工技术。采用此法可大大提高施工的机械化水平,同时可有效地控制地表沉降。文章论述了预切槽工法的机械组成、控制地层变形的基本原理以及应用中的关键技术问题,相信这种工法必将以其良好的控制地层变形能力和灵活性重新得到重视。     

超浅埋暗挖隧道施工技术

文章介绍了在确保上方高速公路地面交通正常通行的情况下,超宽断面、埋深仅为0.5～2.5m的超浅埋平顶直墙下穿隧道工程采用管棚超前支护,结合小导管注浆加固地层、多导洞施工方案和微台阶开挖法来达到控制地表沉降和保证施工安全的"浅埋暗挖法"施工技术。     

Isolating high-priority metro and feeder bus transfers using smart card data

Fixed-rail metro (or ‘subway’) infrastructure is generally unable to provide access to all parts of the city grid. Consequently, feeder bus lines are an integral component of urban mass transit systems. While passengers prefer a seamless transfer between these two distinct transportation services, each service’s operations are subject to a different set of factors that contribute to metro-bus transfer delay. Previous attempts to understand transfer delay were limited by the availability of tools to measure the time and cost associated with passengers’ transfer experience. This paper uses data from smart card systems, an emerging technology that automatically collects passenger trip data, to understand transfer delay. The primary objective of this study is to use smart card data to derive a reproducible methodology that isolates high priority transfer points between the metro system and its feeder-bus systems. The paper outlines a methodology to identify transfer transactions in the smart card dataset, estimate bus headways without the aid of geographic location information, estimate three components of the total transfer time (walking time, waiting time, and delay time), and isolate high-priority transfer pairs. The paper uses smart card data from Nanjing, China as a case study. The results isolate eight high priority metro-bus transfer pairs in the Nanjing metro system and finally, offers several targeted measures to improve transfer efficiency.     

环氧沥青混凝土钢桥面铺装施工质量控制

环氧沥青混凝土应用于钢桥面铺装具有优越的路用性能,其质量控制要求非常严格,相对于普通沥青混凝土有特殊的施工工艺要求.结合国内外同类工程和自身的施工经验,阐述人员、设备、材料、配合比设计、施工过程控制等环氧沥青混凝土钢桥面铺装施工质量控制要点,对同类工程的施工提供配合比设计和工艺控制等方面的技术参考.     

美国基于汽油的电动汽车燃料经济性评价方案介绍

文中对美国有关电动汽车当量汽油燃料经济性法规的法律依据、主要内容作简要介绍,重点解析美国基于汽油的电动汽车当量燃料经济性评价方法及其关键因素,为国内制定出台类似的技术标准作参考。     

浅析城市沥青路面病害及成因——结合开封市汴西新区某路路面沉陷谈体会

该文结合河南省开封市汴西新区某路路面沉陷的实际,以及一些参考书籍,简要分析沥青路面病害产生的原因。