Existence of self-financing and Pareto-improving congestion pricing: Impact of value of time distribution

This paper considers a static congestion pricing model in which travelers select a mode from either, driving on highway or taking public transit, to minimize a combination of travel time, operating cost and toll. The focus is to examine how travelers’ value of time (VOT), which is continuously distributed in a population, affects the existence of a pricing-refunding scheme that is both self-financing (i.e. requiring no external subsidy) and Pareto-improving (i.e. reducing system travel time while making nobody worse off). A condition that insures the existence of a self-financing and Pareto-improving (SFPI) toll scheme is derived. Our derivation reveals that the toll authority can select a proper SFPI scheme to distribute the benefits from congestion pricing through a credit-based pricing scheme. Under mild assumptions, we prove that an SFPI toll always exists for concave VOT functions, of which the linear function corresponding to the uniform distribution is a special case. Existence conditions are also established for a class of rational functions. These results can be used to analyze more realistic VOT distributions such as log-normal distribution. A useful implication of our analysis is that the existence of an SFPI scheme is not guaranteed for general functional forms. Thus, external subsidies may be required to ensure Pareto-improving, even if policy-makers are willing to return all toll revenues to road users.     

On Safety in Dismantling Temporary Strut of Super-large Tunnels with Double-layer Primary Support北大核心CSCD

More and more multiple-track tunnels and super-large section tunnels have been built, and disman- tling of temporary strut is a weak point of the whole structure during force transfer when the secondary lining is con- structed. It is significant to guarantee structure safety during dismantling of temporary strut. Little systematic re- search on safety in dismantling of temporary strut of the super-large section tunnel with double-layer primary support has been conducted, so the internal force and security of the two-layer primary support of the Xinkaotang tunnel were analyzed by a numerical analysis and site measurement, and it proves the effect of two-layer primary support on the safety during strut dismantling. The research results indicate that: (1) with constant support thickness and one-time longitudinal dismantling length, the safety factor of secondary primary support is larger than that of the first primary support, and the safety factor of the first primary support is larger than that of the single-layer primary support. Change range of safety factor for the first primary support is smaller than that of the single-layer primary support, and the safe factor for the single-layer primary support is smaller than that of the secondary primary support; (2) with the same support pattern, the safety factors increase firstly and then decrease with an increase of the onetime dismantling length. The calculated results of various cases show that the reasonable one-time dismantling length for this project is about 9 m. © 2018, Editorial Office of "Modern Tunnelling Technology". All right reserved.     

水中悬浮隧道管段接头的力学特性分析

文章通过解析方法和数值方法对悬浮隧道管段接头的力学特性进行了分析,旨在探讨影响管段接头力学特性的因素和规律,同时对两种方法进行了分析和比较.     

高烈度地震区公路隧道洞口段地震响应分析

根据隧道地震安全性评价报告和地勘资料,建立了三维数值计算模型并采用一致粘弹性人工边界模拟动力边界,对高烈度地震区公路隧道洞口段进行了瞬态动力计算。计算结果表明:在三向地震荷载激励下,洞口段衬砌的地震响应具有明显滞后性,衬砌以水平横向振动为主、轴向振动次之、竖向振动最弱;洞口段衬砌的拱腰部位将承受极大拉应力和剪应力,可设减震层吸收地震能量。通过对衬砌相对位移的分析得出,衬砌横向和轴向变形都很小,衬砌稳定性尚好。     

输水盾构隧洞复合衬砌结构设计计算研究

软土有压输水盾构隧洞采用管片外衬和整筑预应力内衬作复合式衬砌的设计计算中,为能较好考虑内衬与外衬管片的相互作用,以及内衬预应力荷载在隧洞施工和运营各阶段对复合衬砌结构受力的影响,本文提出了一种新的实体叠合计算模型。由于确定管片纵缝接头抗弯刚度的复杂性,文中建议对用数值模拟管片纵缝接头刚度采用了一种非线性耦合弹簧＂接触对＂的模拟系统。在采用实体单元建模的条件下,由于计入管片接头刚度的力学处理困难,文中研究了一种能以模拟管片接头刚度的简化计算方法。根据内、外衬砌接触界面处理方式的不同,文中提出了5种适合不同界面条件内、外层衬砌的相互作用模型。此外,本文还研制了内衬预应力荷载的一种转化程序,以解决采用等效荷载法施加预应力时的前处理问题。上述各点创意构思已在南水北调中线一期穿黄隧洞的结构设计研究中得到了具体反映和成功应用。     

顶上隧道涌泥成因分析及整治

针对顶上隧道施工过程中的涌泥事故,通过地质调查、地质雷达探测、钻探等手段,详细研究了事故发生地段的工程地质情况、水文地质情况;分析了该隧道岩溶的发育、赋存、分布规律及规模;指出顶上隧道涌泥的主要原因是岩溶洼地及落水洞中的地表积水和残坡积水以及基岩裂隙水,经岩溶管道不断地渗透于花岗岩体与钙质砂页岩及灰岩接触部位的薄弱地带,从而形成了以垂直发育为主封闭性较好的管道溶洞。实践中结合地质补勘结果,采用跟管管棚、溶洞回填、加强溶洞段初期支护等治理措施,对顶上隧道的涌泥进行了有效处治。     

机械复合管在海底管道中的应用

原油、湿气含有CO2或H2S是造成海底管道内腐蚀失效的主要原因之一。机械复合管作为一种新型管材,可以有效解决CO2或H2S造成的内腐蚀问题,在国际上得到了广泛应用,但其在国内油气田开发海底管道中,尚无应用先例。文中介绍了机械复合管的制造原理、设计制造规范、用作海底管道的技术要求、海上安装技术特点以及应用前景。文中研究了机械复合管在海底管道中应用对设计制造和安装技术的要求,以推动其在国内油气田开发海底管道中的应用。     

Ridership drivers of bus rapid transit systems

We have collected information on 46 bus rapid transit (BRT) systems throughout the world to investigate the potential patronage drivers. From a large number of candidate explanatory variables (quantitative and qualitative), 11 sources of systematic variation are identified which have a statistically significant impact on daily passenger-trip numbers. These sources are fare, headway, the length of the BRT network, the number of corridors, average distance between stations; whether there is: an integrated network of routes and corridors, modal integration at BRT stations, pre-board fare collection and fare verification, quality control oversight from an independent agency, at-level boarding and alighting, as well as the location of BRT. The findings of this paper offer important insights into features of BRT systems that are positive contributors to growing patronage and hence should be taken into account in designing and planning BRT systems.     

采空区地层变形产生的隧道附加荷载及变形容许值计算与分析

文章分别计算了采空区上方地层弯曲时对隧道产生的附加荷载q1、q2及地层水平应变时对隧道产生的附加荷载qH,并推导出了采空区地层容许弯曲变形和水平应变数值.结果表明,现行交通部《采空区公路设计与施工技术细则》规定的采空区地基容许变形值较为笼统且偏大,结构偏于不安全.最后,文章根据计算结果对比,对不同围岩级别提出了更严格、更安全、更有针对性和可操作性的隧道对采空区地层变形限制要求,以供广大隧道工作者参考使用.     

浅析内河航道节能现状及技术应用

内河航道在施工建设和运营管理期间会产生大量的能源消耗,抓好航道的节能减排对发展绿色交通具有重要作用。本文总结概况了目前我国内河航道节能减排现状及采用的关键技术,相关技术的推广将引导交通运输行业优化用能结构、促进产业协调发展。