The impacts of time of day pricing on car user behavior: findings from the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey��s initiative

This paper discusses the key findings from a research project that assessed the impacts of the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey??s Time of Day Pricing Initiative on the behavior of passenger car users. The survey data, comprised of 505 observations, show that 7.4% of passenger trips changed behavior because of the time of day pricing initiative, and that demand is inelastic to tolls with elasticities in the range of ?0.11 to ?0.24. Passenger car users who changed behavior responded to time of day pricing by implementing multidimensional strategies (3.23 different behavioral changes per user on average), involving behavioral responses such as changes in facility usage, changes in time of travel, changes in the payment type, and changes in mode/occupancy. The most frequently cited behavioral response was to shift mode, either to transit or carpool, and maintain the original time of travel (done in 2.55% of trips), instead of changing time of travel and maintaining the use of the passenger car (0.69% of trips). This reluctance to change travel schedules is undoubtedly a reflection of the limited time of travel flexibility that, on average, was estimated to be 20.4 and 12.3 min for early and late arrival for work-related trips. This, in turn, suggests the need for comprehensive policies, possibly involving incentives or regulations to foster employers?? participation in staggered/flexible work hour programs. Such approaches, combined with time of day pricing, are likely to be more effective in balancing car traffic during the day. Other behavioral responses of significance were reduce the number of trips made during the weekday peak-hours (1.65%), and switching to EZ-Pass to take advantage of the toll discounts (0.81%).     

俄罗斯铁路新一代货车

介绍了近年来俄罗斯铁路对新一代货车、转向架的技术要求。通过采用可靠性参数指标、提高轴重、加大车体尺寸等一系列措施，可明显提高运行安全和运输效率。     

高舒适度客车的卫生学要求

介绍了俄罗斯对一些舒适性要求较高的客车在卫生方面的一些具体要求及所颁布的相应标准和文件或条例,进一步提高了客车在卫生方面的舒适性和防病、防疫的安全性。