Total oil spill costs and compensations

Although counteracting environmental programmes and policies have been strengthened, large oil spills still occur at irregular intervals. The total oil spill costs and their compensations have attracted much interest from various parties, such as local stakeholders, and state and federal governments. This paper addresses five major cost categories whose aggregations are expected to cover the overall direct and indirect costs after the release of an oil spill. Among them, research costs should not be neglected, since they tend to be high if public attention has been drawn to the case. Through an examination of the relationship between the total oil spill costs and their admissible claims, we found that:

1. admissible claims do not cover the overall costs of the oil spill, and
2. admissible claims cannot be compensated in full in the case of large spills.

Clearly, a sound oil spill contingency management aims to minimize both the environmental impacts of areas most at risk and the total oil spill costs. In this paper an economic model for measuring environmental damages following an oil spill is addressed and applied to the Prestige case which happened to be the worst oil pollution in the history of Spain. The model indicates how an ideally a priori economic evaluation may intuitively help managers to make informed as well as fast decisions in contingency cases.     

半挂牵引车标注"准拖挂车总质量"参数的质疑

在国家发改委<车辆生产企业及产品公告>半挂牵引车的详细参数表中除了列出牵引车质量参数外,还标注有"准拖挂车总质量的技术参数".如一汽集团公司生产的解放CA4163P7K2型半挂牵引车,整备质量6 490 kg,半挂车鞍座最大允许承载质量9 870 kg,驾驶室准乘坐2人,故总质量为6 490 9 870 130=16 490 kg.总质量分别为36 000 kg、30 000 kg和27 000 kg的准拖挂车,允许选装4种不同型号的发动机,其功率为206 ～162 kW不等(一汽称其产品标注的发动机功率均为净功率).     

Transit assignment under crowded conditions

This paper presents a transit assignment algorithm for crowded networks. Both congestion in vehicles and queuing at stations are explicitly taken into account in predicting passenger flows for a fixed pattern of origin-destination trip demands. The overflow effects due to insufficient capacity of transit lines are considered to be concentrated at transit stations, while the in-vehicle congestion effects (or discomforts) are considered to be dependent on in-vehicle passenger volume. Overflow delay at a transit station is dependent on the number of excess passengers required to wait for the next transit car. We use a logit model to determine the split between passengers that chose to wait for the next transit car and passengers that chose to board on the alternative transit lines. The proposed algorithm predicts how passenger will choose their optimal routes under both queuing and crowded conditions.     

遥控水下液压绞车的研制

深水救生潜器对接系统液压绞车是载人潜器上不可缺少的救生设备之一。其机械系统要求体积小，重量轻，且具有低转速、大扭矩的工作特性；控制系统要求收放绳能自动检测、显示，极限绳长时能自动控停、报警，且有掉电保护等功能。本文主要从机械系统和控制系统两个方面介绍该液压绞车的基本原理、结构、误差处理方法及试验情况。     

薄板激光填丝焊工艺研究

研究了一种新的焊接工艺方法——激光填丝焊，改进和设计了该工艺专用的送丝机及其位置精密调整机构，并对其主要工艺参数进行了初步试验与分析，提出了确定送丝速度的经验公式。激光填丝焊是对接焊缝存在较大间隙条件下直用激光焊的一种新工艺，它可以提高激光焊接件在实际生产中装配加工精度。     

城市轨道交通运营安全及故障浅析

通过对近年来城市轨道交通运营安全及故障的分析,笔者对影响轨道交通安全运营的各种因素进行了探讨,针对这些因素提出了一些预防和处置措施,并提出“预防为主、全面整治、提前控制、及时救援”的工作思路,对于改善城市轨道交通运营的安全现状,预防事故和降低事故损失都具有一定的意义。     

基于.NET框架的数据库应用模式解决方案

介绍数据库应用模式的发展过程，并以MICROSOFT公司的VISUAL BASIC．NET开发环境为背景，讨论了基于ADO．NET技术的多层数据库应用模式的原理和相关技术。     

秦皇岛某独塔斜拉桥施工控制要点分析

秦皇岛公路大桥主桥为独塔不对称双索面预应力混凝土斜拉桥,其结构复杂,施工监控难度大。文章介绍该桥施工仿真计算、现场实测、参数识别、标高与索力调整等内容,并给出了部分成果。     

北京地铁四号线宣武门站地模施工技术

介绍北京地铁四号线宣武门站中层板施工时采用地模施工的施工工艺和施工效果,比较地模施工中所采用的脱模剂效果,并提出了改进意见,为类似工程的施工提供借鉴。     

RFID技术在集装箱运输中的应用研究

集装箱运输优点突出,但却面临货物失窃、识别精度不高,以及安全与高效相冲突等问题,迫切需要一种技术改变这种现状.射频识别技术(RFID)以识别速度快、精度高,无需接触,环境适应性强等特点而受到集装箱运输业的青睐.详细介绍了RFID技术及其特点,以及在集装箱运输中的应用.