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241.
David H. Weir 《国际交通安全学会研究报告》2010,34(1):16-21
The use of a driving simulator in the development of human-machine-interfaces (HMI) such as a navigation, information or entertainment system is discussed. Such use addresses the need to study and evaluate the characteristics of a candidate HMI early in the R&D and design stage to ensure that it is likely to meet various objectives and requirements, and to revise the HMI as may be necessary. Those HMI requirements include such things as usability, driver comfort, and an acceptable level of attentional demand in dual task conditions (driving while using an HMI). Typically, such an HMI involves an information display to the driver, and a means for driver input to the HMI. Corresponding simulator requirements are discussed, along with typical simulator features and components. The latter include a cab, control feel systems, visual image generator, real time scenario control (task definitions), a motion system (if provided), and data acquisition. Both fixed and moving base systems are described, together with associated benefits and tradeoffs. Considerations in the design of the evaluation experiment are discussed, including definition of primary and secondary tasks, and number of driver subjects (experimental participants). Possible response and performance measures for the primary and secondary tasks are noted, together with subjective measures such as task difficulty and ease of using the HMI. The advantages of using a driving simulator to support R&D are summarized. Some typical and example simulator uses are noted. 相似文献
242.
The importance of being early 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Pavithra?ParthasarathiEmail author Anupam?Srivastava Nikolas?Geroliminis David?Levinson 《Transportation》2011,38(2):227-247
This research quantifies the relationship between the cost of earliness and lateness by empirically observing commute trips
from two different sources. The first empirical analysis uses individual level travel survey data from six metropolitan regions
while the second analysis uses traffic data from the Twin Cities freeway network. The analysis conducted in this research
provides a method to estimate the ratio of the costs of earliness to lateness for different datasets. This can be a useful
tool for traffic engineers and planners, to assist them in the development and implementation of improved control strategies
for congested cities. The results also corroborates the hypothesis of earliness being less expensive than lateness and show
that the finding holds steady over time and across different regions and levels. 相似文献
243.
John K. Stanley David A. Hensher 《Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice》2011,45(10):1020-1030
Transport is Australia’s third largest and second fastest growing source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The road transport sector makes up 88% of total transport emissions and the projected emissions increase from 1990 to 2020 is 64%. Achieving prospective emission reduction targets will pose major challenges for the road transport sector. This paper investigates two targets for reducing Australian road transport greenhouse gas emissions, and what they might mean for the sector: emissions in 2020 being 20% below 2000 levels; and emissions in 2050 being 80% below 2000 levels. Six ways in which emissions might be reduced to achieve these targets are considered. The analysis suggests that major behavioural and technological changes will be required to deliver significant emission reductions, with very substantial reductions in vehicle emission intensity being absolutely vital to making major inroads in road transport GHG emissions. 相似文献
244.
This paper develops a framework within which multiple agents make discrete choices in respect of a common objective – the
determination of participation in distributed work, especially the opportunities and constraints associated with telecommuting.
Ideas in discrete choice theory and game theory are combined to define a set of choice experiments in which employees and
employers interact in arriving at a choice path in a distributed work context. A state choice experiment with offers and feedback,
known as an interactive agency choice experiment (IACE), is empirically investigated in the context of telecommuting options with an exploratory sample of employees and employers
in Sydney, Australia. The approach highlights the role of information and negotiation in breaking down the barriers to more
flexible work activity, to deliver potential benefits to the transport system such as reduced traffic congestion and environmental
sustainability. The paper identifies the types of incentives that an employee/er has to offer the employer/employee in securing
effective telecommuting.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
245.
David W. Gillen 《Transportation》1978,7(1):69-85
The paper develops and tests a model which characterizes the parking location decisions of individual tripmakers. The model is designed to offer information concerning the effects of alternative parking policies on parking location decisions and therefore the effects on the distribution of congestion in an urban area.Own price, time price and full price elasticities for alternative parking locations are estimated. The own price elasticity is found to rise with distance from the destination point while the time price elasticity falls with distance. The full price elasticity is found to be relatively stable.One is able to determine from the calculated elasticities, the effects of alternative parking policies such as raising parking fees, time restrictions, or increasing search or transaction costs on the distribution of individuals consuming parking services; from this one can infer the impact on the distribution of congestion.The paper also offers some explanation for the low elasticity of auto use with respect to changes in parking costs found in some modal choice studies.The author is indebted to Adolf Buse, Ken Norrie and Richard Westin for helpful comments and criticism. 相似文献
246.
David Cimba John Wagner Abhijit Baviskar 《Vehicle System Dynamics: International Journal of Vehicle Mechanics and Mobility》2006,44(9):719-736
The increasing popularity of sport utility/light-duty vehicles has prompted the investigation of active roll management systems to reduce vehicle body roll. To minimize vehicle body roll and improve passenger comfort, one emerging solution is an active torsion bar control system. The validation of automotive safety systems requires analytical evaluation and laboratory testing prior to implementation on an actual vehicle. In this article, a computer simulation tool and accompanying hardware-in-the-loop test environment are presented for active torsion bar systems to study component configurations and performance limits. The numerical simulation illustrates that the hydraulic cylinder extension limits the active torsion system's ability to provide body roll angle reduction under various driving conditions. To compare the control system's time constant and body roll minimization capabilities for different hydraulic valve assemblies and equivalent hose lengths, an experimental test stand was created. For a typical hydraulic pressure and hose diameter, the equivalent hose length was not a key design variable that impacted the system response time. However, the servo-valve offered a quicker transient response and smoother steady-state behavior than the solenoid poppet actuators that may increase occupant safety and comfort. 相似文献
247.
We present a reformulation of the residential location submodel of the Integrated Model of Residential and Employment Location as a network equilibrium problem, thereby making travel costs by auto endogenous. The location of housing supply is examined as a welfare maximization problem for both user-optimal and system-optimal travel costs using concepts of bilevel programming. Finally, we briefly discuss how the employment submodel can be reformulated, and the entire model solved as a variational inequality problem. 相似文献
248.
Vehicle-Generated Road Damage: A Review 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
David CEBON 《Vehicle System Dynamics: International Journal of Vehicle Mechanics and Mobility》1989,18(1):107-150
The literature concerned with road damage caused by heavy commercial vehicles is reviewed. The main types of vehicle-generated road damage are described and the methods that can be used to analyse them are presented. Attention is given to the principal features of the response of road surfaces to vehicle loads and mathematical models that have been developed to predict road response. Also discussed are those vehicle features which, to a first approximation, can be studied without consideration of the dynamics of the vehicle, including axle and tyre configurations, tyre contact conditions and static load sharing in axle group suspensions. The main emphasis of the paper is on the dynamic tyre forces generated by heavy vehicles: their principal characteristics, their simulation and measurement, the effects of suspension design on the forces and the methods that can be used to estimate their influence on road damage. Some critical research needs are identified. 相似文献
249.
Mehdi Imani Masouleh David J. N. Limebeer 《Vehicle System Dynamics: International Journal of Vehicle Mechanics and Mobility》2018,56(7):1118-1138
In this study we will estimate the region of attraction (RoA) of the lateral dynamics of a nonlinear single-track vehicle model. The tyre forces are approximated using rational functions that are shown to capture the nonlinearities of tyre curves significantly better than polynomial functions. An existing sum-of-squares (SOS) programming algorithm for estimating regions of attraction is extended to accommodate the use of rational vector fields. This algorithm is then used to find an estimate of the RoA of the vehicle lateral dynamics. The influence of vehicle parameters and driving conditions on the stability region are studied. It is shown that SOS programming techniques can be used to approximate the stability region without resorting to numerical integration. The RoA estimate from the SOS algorithm is compared to the existing results in the literature. The proposed method is shown to obtain significantly better RoA estimates. 相似文献
250.
徐仓宝 《西安交通大学学报(英文版)》2001,13(1):1-4,8
Epidemiological studies have demonstratedthat hyperlipidemia and smoking are synergisticfactors for atherogenesis and its complications['j,but the mechanism behind is not fully clarified. En-' dothelium--derived vasoconstrictors, in contrast toendothelium-derived vasodilators lead to smoothmuscle cell (SMC) contraction and support SMCproliferation which might be involved in the originand the development of atherosclerosis[2.3J, Lipid-soluble smoke particels,which contain high concen-trations… 相似文献