Comparison of CFD and EFD for the Series 60 C B= 0.6 in steady drift motion

 This paper presents comparisons of computational and experimental fluid dynamics results for boundary layers, wakes, and wave fields for the Series 60 C _B= 0.6 ship model in steady drift motion. The numerical method solves the unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes and continuity equations with the Baldwin–Lomax turbulence model, exact nonlinear kinematic and approximate dynamic free-surface boundary conditions, and a body/free-surface conforming grid. The experimental and computational conditions, i.e., Froude numbers of 0.16 and 0.316 for the experiments, and Froude numbers of 0 and 0.316 for the computations, allow comparisons of low and high Froude number results, respectively, which allows an evaluation of Froude number effects and validation of the computational fluid dynamics at both low and high Froude numbers. This article gives an overview of this numerical approach, and the computational conditions and uncertainty analysis are described. Results are presented for the wave and flow fields, with emphasis on the important flow features of drift- and wave-induced effects in comparison with the experiments. Finally, conclusions from the present study are given, together with recommendations for future work. Received: August 31, 2001 / Accepted: March 25, 2002     

Structural models for the analysis of traveler attitude-behavior relationships

Traveler attitudes and behavior have been shown to correlate in numerous previous studies. However, the correlation by itself leaves open the nature of the interrelationships between traveler attitudes and behavior. For example, attitudes could either cause or be caused by behavior. In fact, both options are concurrently possible. Structural equations are applied to a set of data gathered from Los Angeles central business district workers to ascertain the direction and nature of interrelationships between attitudes and behavior with respect to frequency of taking the bus to work. A mutual dependence between attitudes and behavior is demonstrated in the context of this dataset and behavioral choice situation; behavior and attitudes concurrently cause each other. In addition, it is found that two attitudinal components, perceptions of and affect toward a mode, function differently with respect to travel behavior.     

URANS simulations of catamaran interference in shallow water

This paper investigates the interference effects of wave systems on a multi-hull vessel in shallow water. A numerical analysis is made using the URANS code CFDSHIP-Iowa V.4 on the DELFT Catamaran model 372. The test matrix for numerical computations includes two separation distances (s = 0.17; 0.23) and the depth values of h/T = 8.2, 2.5 and 2, at several speeds ranging within Fr _H = 0.775–1.739. Numerical results are compared with the experimental data of the Bulgarian Ship Hydrodynamic Center, and verification and validation for resistance, sinkage and trim are also performed. Results show that, at critical speed (Fr _H ≈ 1), the presence of a finite depth significantly affects the catamaran total resistance, which, in shallower water, increases considerably with respect to deep water. At low h/T, small effects of the water depth on resistance occur at subcritical and supercritical speeds. The interference effects seem to be more relevant in shallow, rather than in deep water, with maximum IF values registered at critical speeds (Fr _H ≈ 1). Similarly to deep water, the lower the separation distance the greater the interference value. Moreover, in shallow water some negative interference is observed at Fr > 0.5. Wave patterns and wave profiles are analyzed and a comparison is made between several configurations of catamaran and a mono-hull vessel, in order to analyze how water depth and separation distance determine resistance and interference. Finally, a vortex instability study is also included.     

Non-commitment bias in public opinion on transit usage

Estimation of ridership on a new transit system in an area where no comparable service existed before is a difficult task of transit planning. Traditional modal split models cannot be used in these cases, because no data or basis for developing a new model or adjusting a “borrowed” model are available. One of the techniques which can be used in this type of situation, is to perform a “concept test” based on public opinion. This approach, however, is plagued with the phenomenon of non-commitment bias of interviewees, and tends to overestimate the ridership. A new fixed route and fixed schedule transit service in Johnson City in Tennessee provided a rare opportunity to perform an investigation on the non-commitment bias through “before” and “after” surveys. The analysis of the non-commitment and actual responses of a sample of residents revealed substantial bias. Overall, the non-commitment ridership estimate was about twice (100% greater than) the actual ridership.:It was also observed that the bias was higher for persons owning automobiles, and for work and shopping trips.     

TARGETED ACTIVATION OF CD_（8）~（＋） CELLS AND INFECTION OF β_2－MICROGLOBULIN－DEFICIENT MICE FAIL TO CONFIRM A PRIMARY PROTECTIVE

ＴＡＲＧＥＴＥＤＡＣＴＩＶＡＴＩＯＮＯＦＣＤ_（８）~（＋）ＣＥＬＬＳＡＮＤＩＮＦＥＣＴＩＯＮＯＦβ_２－ＭＩＣＲＯＧＬＯＢＵＬＩＮ－ＤＥＦＩＣＩＥＮＴＭＩＣＥ　ＦＡＩＬＴＯＣＯＮＦＩＲＭＡＰＲＩＭＡＲＹＰＲＯＴＥＣＴＩＶＥＲＯＬＥＦＯＲＣＤ（８）~（＋...