Ship selection using a multiple-criteria synthesis approach

A method is presented for selecting a preferred ship from a group of candidates as a reference ship for a new design. The method is based on a recently developed approach for multiple-criteria decision analysis under uncertainty, the evidential reasoning approach. Using this method, both quantitative and qualitative attributes of a complicated nature can be considered in the selection process. The method consists of three phases: identifying suitable candidate ships, evaluating them in terms of both conventional techno-economical and qualitative attributes, and aggregating all the attributes using the evidential reasoning approach. This three-phase procedure is illustrated by means of an oil tanker selection example. The results of this study show that the evidential reasoning approach can support multiple-criteria ship selection processes when both qualitative and quantitative information with or without uncertainties have to be taken into account. The outcomes generated by the method include the ranking of the candidate ships and indications of their strengths and weaknesses in the format of performance distributions over different assessment grades. Such information is vital in helping decision makers to make an informed selection and be aware of any risk implication associated with the selection.     

The applicability of hydrofoils as a ship control device

Centrifugal forces are commonly created when ships turn, which may cause a ship to capsize in a critical situation. A mathematical model has been developed to optimize the stability coefficients for ship, with the aim to prevent capsizing and to increase ship maneuverability in high-speed water craft. This model can be used to develop algorithms for control system improvement. The mathematical model presented in this paper optimized the use of multipurpose hydrofoils to reduce heeling and the trimming moment, maintaining an upright ship’s position and lessening the resistance via transverse force. Conventionally, the trimming and heeling of a ship are controlled using ballast water; however, under variable sea conditions it is sometimes difficult to control a ship’s motion using ballast water. In this case, a hydrofoil would be more stable and maneuverable than a ballast tank controlled vessel. A movable hydrofoil could theoretically be adapted from moveable aerofoil technology. This study proves the merit of further investigation into this possibility.     

Dynamic adaptive finite element analysis of acoustic wave propagation due to underwater explosion for fluid-structure interaction problems

In this paper, an investigation into the propagation of far field explosion waves in water and their effects on nearby structures are carried out. For the far field structure, the motion of the fluid surrounding the structure may be assumed small, allowing linearization of the governing fluid equations. A complete analysis of the problem must involve simultaneous solution of the dynamic response of the structure and the propagation of explosion wave in the surrounding fluid. In this study, a dynamic adaptive finite element procedure is proposed. Its application to the solution of a 2D fluid-structure interaction is investigated in the time domain. The research includes: a) calculation of the far-field scatter wave due to underwater explosion including solution of the time-depended acoustic wave equation, b) fluid-structure interaction analysis using coupled Euler-Lagrangian approach, and c) adaptive finite element procedures employing error estimates, and re-meshing. The temporal mesh adaptation is achieved by local regeneration of the grid using a time-dependent error indicator based on curvature of pressure function. As a result, the overall response is better predicted by a moving mesh than an equivalent uniform mesh. In addition, the cost of computation for large problems is reduced while the accuracy is improved.     

贯彻落实科学发展观 促进电务工作又好又快发展——在全路电务工作会议上的讲话(摘要)

2006年全路电务系统强化安全管理,修订并颁布执行新的《铁路信号维护规则》,完成一系列技术标准和技术条件的制定;CTCS、CTC、GSM-R电务三大系统在关键技术和关键领域取得突破。2007年电务系统将深入贯彻落实全国铁路工作会议和铁路运输安全工作会议精神,以建设和谐铁路统领全局;坚持大运输大安全的思想,以确保第六次大面积提速安全为重点,规范新体制下的电务安全管理;坚决杜绝电务恶性违章作业;做好客运专线建设的电务系统集成工作;提出“安全可控、技术先进、设备优良、管理科学、素质达标、和谐稳定”的电务工作方针。     

稳定的桩腿液压缸从50米深的水中举起10000t的重量

起重平台“雷神”已经在北海大规模投入使用一年多了.“雷神”这一重约6400t,凭借其1850m2大的露天甲板面积和3300t的载重量成为目前为止最大的德国起重平台.它作为特种设备,用于博尔库姆岛西北100公里处的“Bard Ⅰ”近海风力发电场内约80台风力发电机的安装.这一固定安装的重型起重机有效荷载能力500t,可以在超过百米的作业高度上安装海上风力发电机的塔架、涡轮机和风机.     

Experimental study on the characteristics of nano-particle emissions from a heavy-duty diesel engine using a urea-SCR system

Particulate matter in diesel engine exhaust, particularly nano-particles, can cause serious human health problems including diseases such as lung cancer. Because diesel nano-particle issues are of global concern, regulations on particulate matter emissions specify that not only the weight of particulate matter emitted but also the concentration of nanoparticles must be controlled. This study aimed to determine the effects on nano-particle and PM emissions from a diesel engine when applying a urea-SCR system for NO_x reduction. We found that PM weight increases by approximately 90% when urea is injected in ND-13 mode over the emission without urea injection. Additionally, PM weight increases as the NH₃/NO_x mole ratio is increased at 250 °C. In SEM scans of the collected PM, spherical particles were observed during urea injection, with sizes of approximately 200 nm to 1 μm. This study was designed to determine the conditions under which nano-particles and PM are formed in a urea-SCR system and to relate these conditions to particle size and shape via a quantitative analysis in ND-13 mode.     

曲轴动压滑动轴承非线性油膜力解析方法

基于分离变量法、Sturm-Liouville理论与下游Reynolds边界条件, 提出了一种求解曲轴动压滑动轴承非线性油膜力的解析方法; 将轴承不可压缩流体动压润滑Reynolds方程的压力分布表示为特解加通解的形式; 运用分离变量法, 将油膜压力分布的特解和通解分别表示为周向分离函数和轴向分离函数相加和相乘的形式; 为了便于求解, 对油膜压力特解的周向分离函数进行Sommerfeld变换, 通过连续性条件确定油膜的终止位置角; 由于油膜压力通解的周向分离函数没有直接解的形式, 通过油膜厚度的逼近函数将油膜压力通解的周向分离函数转化为Sturm-Liouville型方程, 根据边界条件求得本征值和本征函数系, 通过三角函数的无穷级数展开表示油膜压力通解的周向分离函数; 采用含本征值的双曲正切函数表示油膜压力通解的轴向分离函数; 在润滑油膜的完备区域, 对油膜压力分布的解析表达式进行积分, 求得曲轴轴承的非线性油膜力。分析结果表明: 采用解析方法计算的非线性油膜力与有限差分法的计算结果吻合较好, 偏心率较小时非线性油膜力仅相差约5%;当轴承偏心率由0.2增大到0.6时, 油膜终止位置角的最大值减小了13.5%;当量纲为1的速度扰动由0增大到0.03时, 油膜终止位置角变化了3.3%;当本征值的个数不小于20时, 量纲为1的径向、切向通解油膜力的变化较小, 取值分别保持在-2.8、4.6附近。由此可见: 采用解析方法能够准确求解曲轴动压滑动轴承的非线性油膜力; 轴承偏心率对油膜破裂的影响较大, 且偏心率较大时油膜易破裂; 相对于轴承偏心率而言, 速度扰动对油膜破裂的影响较小; 当本征值的个数不小于20时, 油膜压力通解的计算精度较高, 能够满足工程需要。      

Berechnung des extremen Lenk- und Bremsverhaltens von Sattelkraftfahrzeugen

Simulation of Steering and Braking Behaviour of Tractor-Semitrailer Vehicles in Extreme Situations

This paper deals with the simulation of the behaviour of tractor-semitrailer vehicles at braking on wet, slippery road surface. The nonlinear model used for the computation enables to simulate extreme situations at wheel locking and swerving

The instabilities during braking such as jackknifing and trailer swing as well as non steerability are investigated. Straightline braking shows the influence of cornering on the behaviour during braking in a turn.     

Messungen von Fahrbahn-Unebenheiten paralleler Fahrspuren und Anwendung der Ergebnisse

Measurement of two track road inputs and theoretical application of the results

The calculation of vehicle response to road-surface irregularity inputs requires the spectral densities of the left and right longitudinal track and their statistical dependence

This paper presents some resluts of parallel profile measurements, three typical german roads have been chosen

Random vibration of two vehicle types are digital-simulated. The dynamic tire load shows that independent suspension systems are more advantageous than beam axles, because by wheel tramp this type increases the dynamic tire load.