Total oil spill costs and compensations

Although counteracting environmental programmes and policies have been strengthened, large oil spills still occur at irregular intervals. The total oil spill costs and their compensations have attracted much interest from various parties, such as local stakeholders, and state and federal governments. This paper addresses five major cost categories whose aggregations are expected to cover the overall direct and indirect costs after the release of an oil spill. Among them, research costs should not be neglected, since they tend to be high if public attention has been drawn to the case. Through an examination of the relationship between the total oil spill costs and their admissible claims, we found that:

1. admissible claims do not cover the overall costs of the oil spill, and
2. admissible claims cannot be compensated in full in the case of large spills.

Clearly, a sound oil spill contingency management aims to minimize both the environmental impacts of areas most at risk and the total oil spill costs. In this paper an economic model for measuring environmental damages following an oil spill is addressed and applied to the Prestige case which happened to be the worst oil pollution in the history of Spain. The model indicates how an ideally a priori economic evaluation may intuitively help managers to make informed as well as fast decisions in contingency cases.     

抓实QC小组活动的几点做法

从组织机构、活动制度、成员专业素质、注册登记、活动开展、培训教育6个方面阐述了铁路运输部门在QC小组活动开展中存在的问题,同时,对存在的问题进行了深刻剖析,提出了具体建议。     

既有铁路覆盖型岩溶路基病害整治的勘察设计

浙赣电气化提速改造工程分宜至芦溪段覆盖型岩溶路基勘察工作,采用了地质测绘、物探、钻探、病害调查、沿线水文调查和水土岩石试验等综合勘探手段,查明了沿线的地层岩性、地质构造、地下水类型、岩溶发育特征,满足了工程地质评价要求。采用压力注浆措施整治岩溶路基病害,质量可靠,造价低,工艺简单,取得了较好的效果。     

施工坐标系在工程测量中的应用

介绍了施工测量工作中常用的施工坐标系转换以及放样程序在铁路站场工程建设中的具体应用,应用效果良好,通过工程实例证明运用施工坐标系定位放样在工程测量上的重要性。     

我国汽车金融业的发展现状及趋势展望

首先分析了国内外汽车金融业的发展状况，并从当前我国汽车金融业存在的问题入手，着重从内部和外部环境2个方面进行了分析，从而有针对性地提出了我国汽车金融服务的改革思路和解决相关问题的政策建议，并对未来发展趋势作出理性预测和判断，制度设计上更趋于合理、完善；服务质量和水平逐步与国际接轨；竞争推动下的具有中国特色的金融创新渐趋活跃。在此基础上笔者设想了一种银行一体化的营销模式，权当为未来银行汽车金融业务的开展作一有益尝试。     

试论萧红作品的复合视角

萧红以她女性的敏感通过儿童视角书写童年经验,而儿童视角文本中往往是儿童身份叙事者和隐含作者即成人身份共存,构成作品的复合视角,儿童简单审美的声音与成人复杂评判的声音轮流切换,形成两套不同的话语系统,在儿童轻松愉快的表层叙述中,隐含了生活本身的沉重与丰富,因而对读者有重要的启发意义.     

基于索网找形的吊弦长度计算方法探讨

在总结现有吊弦计算方法的基础上提出一种新的计算方法,阐述了新方法的基本理论基础和计算流程.最后对2种方法优缺点进行了总结.本文提出的新方法对传统的计算方法的不足进行了弥补,有理论指导意义.     

以HCCI燃烧过程为主要研究对象的模拟燃烧系统

所论述的模拟燃烧系统是针对均质混合气压燃特性试验研究开发研制的装置,主要由燃烧系统主体部分、混合气配给系统等组成。该装置具备定压燃烧过程、复合燃烧过程以及定容燃烧过程的研究试验功能,且具有良好的边界条件可控性。燃烧系统压缩终了压力可达到2.6MPa,活塞最高速度为5m/s,平均速度为2.18m/s。     

Gain and noise figure analysis of Er<Superscript>3+</Superscript>-doped YAG transparent ceramic microchip amplifier

The rate equations and the power evolution equations based on excited state absorption (ESA) and cooperative upconversion (CUC) of high concentration erbium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) transparent ceramic waveguide amplifier are set up to analyze the effects of the pump power, active ion concentration and waveguide length on the amplifier gain and noise figure (NF). The numerical analysis predicts that with a pump power of 100mW, an active ion concentration of 1.0×10²⁶ ion/m³ and a waveguide length of 3 cm, a small-signal gain of 30 dB and an NF of 5 dB can be achieved in the micro-chip amplifier.     

基于PMS理论的常规潜艇任务可靠性研究

针对常规潜艇功能复杂、任务多变的特点,将多阶段任务系统(phased mission system,PMS)理论引入到其任务可靠性的分析中.深入分析常规潜艇的鱼雷攻击任务,建立任务可靠性模型,用马尔可夫过程法进行了任务可靠度计算,为常规潜艇任务可靠性模型的建立提供一种新方法.