Equality of bargaining power in contracts for international liner shipping

Mandatory rules exist in contracts for international liner shipping primarily because of imbalances and non-equity in the allocation of contract responsibilities. The superior bargaining position owned by the carriers depends largely upon liner market monopoly levels, the supply and demand balance between the shipper and carrier, and the cargo volume size of the shippers. With the development of shipping technologies, mode of transport, and shipping competition policy, the unequal comparison of bargaining forces between shippers and carriers changes. When the existing mandatory rule was deemed no longer necessary due to changing circumstances, legislation requirements to restore freedom to contract became apparent. When both sides have equal bargaining power, adoption of the principle of freedom of contract for their business relationships is suitable. The Rotterdam Rules concerning freedom of volume contract construction is based on equal bargaining powers between both sides and responds to the evolving situation of the industry. The Rules represent the development trend of today’s theory of contracts for international liner shipping and the demand for legal and institutional changes.     

椭圆余弦波对圆弧型固立防波堤的绕射波浪力

基于椭圆余弦波绕射理论,应用特征函数展开法,推导浅水波对圆弧型固立防波堤绕射的波势解,据此计算作用于防波堤的水平波浪载荷。结果表明:浅水波入射角与非线性影响参数、海况条件以及防波堤几何条件等因素的相对变化对波浪作用均存在一定的影响。与微幅波理论对比可知:在一定浅水条件下采用椭圆余弦波一阶分量模型所计算的最大无量纲波浪力均明显高于微幅波理论的对应估值,反映了水波非线性因素的影响效应。     

港珠澳大桥对珠江口伶仃洋水沙环境和港口航道的影响

珠江口伶仃洋是地貌条件独特、水沙条件复杂的敏感海区,也是我国乃至世界沿海航线最密集、船舶密度最大的水域之一;港珠澳大桥是横跨伶仃洋的由"桥-岛-隧"构成的超级大型复杂工程。针对港珠澳大桥工程对珠江口伶仃洋复杂的水沙动力环境的影响,采用多种研究手段对大桥工程对伶仃洋水域水沙环境、港口航道、滩槽稳定性影响等关键问题进行全面深入系统的研究论证。主要研究成果表明:1)珠江口伶仃洋具有"微变性、趋稳性、可塑性"的重要特征,其"三滩两槽"基本格局可以长期保持稳定;2)港珠澳大桥(推荐方案)对珠江口伶仃洋水沙环境不利影响相对较小,对港口航道基本无不利影响;3)从水沙条件角度来看,港珠澳大桥(推荐方案)工程的建设是可行的。     

万吨级溢油回收船电力系统方案设计和仿真研究

溢油回收船是应对海上溢油污染事故的专用船舶。近年来随着海上石油运输愈发频繁和潜在溢油隐患提高,溢油回收船成为人们关注和研究的热点。本文针对万吨级溢油回收船电力系统的方案设计,分别论证中、低压和直流三种方案,建议采用低压交流电力系统并建立仿真模型验证方案可行性。     

Research trends and agenda on the Belt and Road (B&R) initiative with a focus on maritime transport

The ‘Silk Road Economic Belt and the 21st-Century Maritime Silk Road’ (collectively known as Belt and Road, B&R) has been initiated by the Chinese government in 2013. The B&R is increasingly becoming a focal point for socio-economic–political interests because of its likely impact on land and sea transport and maritime logistics. The aims of this study were threefold: first, to provide an overview on the B&R, focusing on its key structural elements, such as transport corridors, city clusters, dry ports, infrastructure, zoning, and area development; second, to identify the expected impacts of the B&R on trade and implications on structural changes in transportation systems, port networks, and international logistics. Finally, to discuss major research trends and setting up of research agenda which will contribute to enriching the existing literature and shaping the global trade operations and drive economic growth in the context of the B&R.     

自升式平台桩腿海上对接过程中的碰撞问题

碰撞现象在海上作业中时有发生,给人员和财产安全带来极大威胁。本文基于非线性有限元理论,研究自升式平台桩腿吊装过程中浮吊船与平台的碰撞问题以及桩腿移动就位时对平台上层建筑的碰撞问题;分析撞击过程中平台的变形与应力变化及结构失效等情况,给出使平台不同区域发生破坏的临界碰撞速度;给出了浮吊船在就位过程中的安装制动距离以及移动过程中与上层建筑间的安全距离和移动速度限制,为桩腿海上吊装作业方案设计提供参考。     

锂离子动力电池应用于深潜救生艇的可行性分析

本文通过对锂离子电池动力电池的原理及主要特性的分析,结合深潜救生艇用动力电池的特殊使用环境和需求,论证了锂离子动力电池在深潜救生艇上的适用条件和应用可能性。结果表明锂离子电池作为深海救生艇的动力电池完全可行,并具有非常好的应用前景。     

翻边开孔对矩形板振动频率的影响

研究了带有翻边长圆开孔矩形板的振动特性。利用ANSYS软件建立翻边开孔矩形板的参数化有限元模型,获得不同开孔参数(开孔率、翻边高度、开孔位置及转动)情况下结构的前两阶固有频率。在此基础上数值分析翻边开孔参数对矩形板前两阶固有频率的影响,发现翻边开孔能显著改变矩形板的固有频率,且与板的边界约束条件有很大关系。研究结果为实际结构的翻边开孔设计提供了参考。     

天然气车辆在班线客运中应用项目温室气体减排量核算研究

在对班线客运现状和类似方法学分析的基础上,本文针对天然气客运车辆的运行特征,建立了班线客运中应用天然气车辆项目温室气体自愿减排方法,提出了基于运行里程或运输周转量的两种基准线排放计算方法,以及在计算基准线排放过程中与项目情景建立了联系。以重庆市某客运企业天然气班线客车为例进行算例分析,表明本文提出的方法具有实际可操作性。     

基于正交—主元分析对柴油机燃烧参数匹配优化

基于电控化改造后的4190柴油机,利用AVL—FIRE软件建立天然气—柴油双燃料发动机燃烧室高压循环模型,并与原机进行验证。采用正交试验法以指示功率和NOX生成量为优化目标,并对燃烧参数进行匹配,进行仿真试验。利用主成分分析法对仿真结果进行优化分析,将优化结果与正交试验结果对比并最终代入模型进行检验。通过正交—主成分分析得出：柴油机运行参数对低温燃烧影响的主次顺序与正交试验设计基本一致,且具有更高的可靠性和准确度。优化后的参数为：天然气替代率45%,进气压力0.224MPa,EGR率12.5%,进气温度335.15K,喷油提前角22.7°对应的指示功率为37.83kW,NOX生成质量分数比原机降低78.73%,比极差分析最优组合降低10.92%。该优化方案在保证动力性的前提下可以有效地降低NOX排放。