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701.
This paper explores issues related to the electrical safety of Hybrid Electrical Vehicles (HEVs) during and after various
crash events. Japanese and American federal regulations regarding occupant protection against high voltages in Electric Vehicles
(EVs) and HEVs were surveyed and analyzed in this study. Front, side and rear impact tests for two types of HEVs were conducted
to investigate electrolyte spillage, the retention of the propulsion battery system and the electrical isolation of the occupant.
The test results met the related criteria. The test procedures and the criteria for occupant protection established through
this study were amended to Korean Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (KMVSS) No. 91 to add the crash protection of the EVs and
the HEVs. 相似文献
702.
H. J. Kim B. Han W. S. Hong W. H. Shin G. B. Cho Y. K. Lee Y. J. Kim 《International Journal of Automotive Technology》2010,11(4):447-453
A 3000 cc diesel engine attached to an engine dynamo was used to test three newly developed electrostatic Diesel Particulate
matter filtration Systems (DPS 1, 2, and 3) under four steady-state engine operating conditions: idle, 2000 rpm with no load,
and 2000 rpm under 25% and 50% loads. Of the two developed alternatives, DPS 1 and DPS 2, DPS 2 comprises an ionization section,
electrostatic field additional section and Flow-Through Filter (FTF), which achieved almost 90% removal of particulate matter
(PM) under the engine’s operating conditions, and the efficiency of the FTF was maintained between 20% and 50%. Comparing
the long-term performance of DPS 2 and DPS 3 (effectively a serial combination of two DPS 2s) with a commercially-available
Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF), the DPS 2 and DPS 3 achieved almost the same efficiency for removing PM as the DPF but had
significantly improved (75%∼90% lower) differential pressure drops. 相似文献
703.
G. -Q. Liu Y. -C. Yan J. Chen F. -F. Xu 《International Journal of Automotive Technology》2010,11(4):573-580
A hydraulic power-assist system is a hydraulic regeneration system that can significantly improve fuel economy when installed
on a conventional bus operating in urban traffic. This paper presents a methodology for matching a new hydraulic power-assist
system (HPA) to a conventional bus. The HPA and the conventional bus were modeled using the AMESim environment. The HPA was
optimized using a simulation-based orthogonal design method with two indexes, the fuel economy and the acceleration performance.
According to the simulation results, the volume of the accumulator was the primary factor affecting fuel economy, and the
gear ratio of the transfer case was the primary factor influencing the acceleration performance. As a result, tradeoffs between
the two indexes are required for a practical operational scenario. Experimental results demonstrated that the optimal HPA
installed on a conventional bus was able to satisfy the acceleration performance requirement of the vehicle and also reduced
fuel consumption by 25 percent. 相似文献
704.
Fault detection method for electric parking brake (EPB) systems with sensorless estimation using current ripples 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
C. W. Lee H. B. Chung Y. O. Lee C. C. Chung Y. S. Son P. Yoon 《International Journal of Automotive Technology》2010,11(3):387-394
A fault detection method with parity equations is proposed in this paper. Due to its low cost implementation, the velocity
of the motor is not measurable in electric parking brake (EPB) systems. Therefore, residuals are not reliable when estimating
the motor velocity with a low-resolution encoder. In this paper, we propose a fault detection method with sensorless estimation
using current ripples that estimates the position and velocity of the motor by detecting periodical oscillations of the armature
current caused by rotor slots. In addition, this method can estimate the position and velocity of the motor with less computational
effort than a state observer. Moreover, the method is less sensitive to motor parameters than model-based estimation methods.
The effectiveness of this method is validated with experimental data, and the simulation results show that various faults
have their own residual patterns. Therefore, we can detect the presence of faults by monitoring the residual signals. 相似文献
705.
Pacejka’s tire model is widely used and well-known by the automotive engineering community. The magic formula describes the
brake force, side force and self-aligning torque in terms of the longitudinal slip and slip angle, plus several corrections.
This paper uses approximation theory to obtain different types of approximations to the magic formula: rational functions
(RA) resulting from the Remez algorithm, expansions in a series of Chebyshev polynomials (ACh), a series of Chebyshev rational
polynomials (ARChPs), a series of rational orthogonal functions (ORF) and a series of ARChPs that result from grade-1 ORFs.
The last expansion shows the fastest convergence and most effective computation. Jacobi rational polynomials can also be obtained
to complement this expansion and facilitate fine-tuning in specific areas of the error curve. This work is complemented by
obtaining the original rational approximations to the inverse tangent function, which take advantage of the curve symmetry
to reduce the computation load and provide models that include the influence of the vertical load. The convergence properties
of the development in series and the error values resulting from numeric examples for the three types of stress are shown.
The proposed final ARChP expressions show very low error (1%) compared to the original magic formula. They can be computed
20 times faster; they can be evaluated, derived and integrated analytically easily; and their coefficients can be obtained
from tests using common least-squares algorithms. 相似文献
706.
J. Kim J. Kang Y. Kim T. Kim B. Min H. Kim 《International Journal of Automotive Technology》2010,11(4):565-571
The power split type hybrid system transmits engine power by dividing it into the electrical unit and the mechanical unit.
Its power transmission efficiency is highest at the mechanical point (MP), where the full power is transmitted to the mechanical
unit. In this study, the equation for the MP was derived for the gear ratios of a general 4-node lever model. The MP characteristics
for the transmission ratio (TR) of the input split and compound split structures were examined using the equation derived.
Using the examined input split and compound split structures, a systematic design method for the dual mode power split transmission
was proposed. In the dual mode power split transmission, the MP could be positioned at the desired TR, and the input split
and compound split modes could be selectively used according to the clutch combination, which leads to the operation of the
vehicle within a high system efficiency range. 相似文献
707.
A. López J. Serrat C. Cañero F. Lumbreras T. Graf 《International Journal of Automotive Technology》2010,11(3):395-407
Detection of lane markings based on a camera sensor can be a low-cost solution to lane departure and curve-over-speed warnings.
A number of methods and implementations have been reported in the literature. However, reliable detection is still an issue
because of cast shadows, worn and occluded markings, variable ambient lighting conditions, for example. We focus on increasing
detection reliability in two ways. First, we employed an image feature other than the commonly used edges: ridges, which we
claim addresses this problem better. Second, we adapted RANSAC, a generic robust estimation method, to fit a parametric model
of a pair of lane lines to the image features, based on both ridgeness and ridge orientation. In addition, the model was fitted
for the left and right lane lines simultaneously to enforce a consistent result. Four measures of interest for driver assistance
applications were directly computed from the fitted parametric model at each frame: lane width, lane curvature, and vehicle
yaw angle and lateral offset with regard the lane medial axis. We qualitatively assessed our method in video sequences captured
on several road types and under very different lighting conditions. We also quantitatively assessed it on synthetic but realistic
video sequences for which road geometry and vehicle trajectory ground truth are known. 相似文献
708.
This paper presents a robust optimization design method based on Six Sigma quality control criteria to improve the design
of a powertrain mounting system (PMS). The powertrain is modeled as a rigid body having six degrees of freedom (DOF) connected
to a rigid base by four rubber mounts, and each mount is simplified as a three-dimensional spring-damper element in its local
coordinate system (LCS). The calculation method based on energy decoupling is used to estimate the decoupling ratios of a
PMS. The location and static stiffness of each mount and the orientations of the two anti-torsion mounts are selected as uncertain
design variables, and the nominal values of these design variables are optimized to obtain a robust Six Sigma design for a
PMS. The uncertain design variables are characterized by a perturbation or percent variation around their nominal values.
The generalized reduced gradient (LSGRG2) optimization method is employed to solve the robust optimization problem, and a
second-order Taylor series expansion is used to estimate the statistical properties of the performance constraints and objectives.
The optimization results show that the robust design ensures good robustness or high reliability for the natural frequencies,
decoupling ratios, and frequency separation constraints of a PMS. 相似文献
709.
The acoustic design of exhaust mufflers has mainly focused on reducing the discharge noise from the tailpipe. However, the
noise that is transmitted through the muffler jacket and the endplate becomes important since the muffler reduces the amount
of discharge noise when it has an optimized design. It is known that the contribution to the overall exhaust noise of the
muffler shell is significant in the mid- and high-frequency ranges. The current problem is that there are no appropriate computational
tools at high frequencies. A simple method to analyze the 1/3-octave band of sound radiating from an arbitrary shape (like
a muffler) was employed to predict the band spectrum of the radiated noise. The calculation method included formulating the
boundary integral, which was modified into a quadratic form in order to enable the prediction of the intensity levels in a
band analysis. Monopole and dipole source terms in the conventional BEM were transformed into the auto- and cross-spectra
of the two vibrating sources, in which the cross-spectra could be eventually omitted by assuming that the correlation coefficients
were negligible. The method was adopted in an abrupt calculation of the shell noise in 1/3-octave band levels without nonuniqueness
problem. In comparison with the measured data, the simulation result showed roughly 3-dB errors at most of the field points,
excluding several special points that were normal to the shell and exhibited a maximum 5-dB error. 相似文献
710.
钢轨打磨技术研究进展 总被引:23,自引:0,他引:23
介绍了有关钢轨打磨的理论、技术和应用成果,论述了钢轨打磨技术与轮轨接触疲劳、磨耗、噪声、润滑之间的关系和相互作用模型.基于现有的国外钢轨维修成本的经济学模型,提出了加入打磨设备折旧费用的钢轨维修成本综合经济学模型.建议未来的研究重点:开展基于现场实践的快速电脑程序优化的打磨钢轨型面研究;开展能够综合考虑车辆轨道耦合动力学和经济学指标钢轨打磨方案的优化研究;开展不同工况的打磨参数和打磨工艺研究. 相似文献