大跨度钢拱肋整体吊装施工

大跨度钢拱肋在以前大都是分三到五段吊装,在空中进行拼接。这种吊装方法的缺点是:(1)在河道中搭设临时支撑,会影响河道通航;(2)施工工期长;(3)空中拼接时,接头的焊缝质量没有在地面焊接好;(4)空中作业多,安全风险增大。该文介绍了上海川杨桥的83m跨系杆拱桥钢拱肋采用整体吊装施工工艺,较好地解决了上述问题。该施工工艺对今后类似工程的施工有一定的参考价值。     

陡峭地形隧道“晚出洞”施工探讨

山区高速公路隧道进出洞口大部分位于地质条件复杂、地理位置险峻地带,施工过程中为确保安全,设计安全风险系数较高,设计一般为双向掘进,洞内出洞,施工过程一般比较谨慎保守。通过隧道超前地质预报分析,结合现场实际情况,依靠超前小导管对围岩进行超前支护,将施工方案由双向掘进洞内出洞优化为单向出洞。该文以文马高速公路土司城隧道出洞施工为依托,采用超前小导管代替大管棚超前支护,对独头掘进隧道"晚出洞"技术进行了分析与探讨。     

Activity patterns,time use,and travel of millennials: a generation in transition?

Millennials, defined in this study as those born between 1979 and 2000, became the largest population segment in the United States in 2015. Compared to recent previous generations, they have been found to travel less, own fewer cars, have lower driver’s licensure rates, and use alternative modes more. But to what extent will these differences in behaviour persist as millennials move through various phases of the lifecycle? To address this question, this paper presents the results of a longitudinal analysis of the 2003–2013 American Time Use Survey data series. In early adulthood, younger millennials (born 1988–1994) are found to spend significantly more time in-home than older millennials (born 1979–1985), which indicates that there are substantial differences in activity-time use patterns across generations in early adulthood. Older millennials are, however, showing activity-time use patterns similar to their prior generation counterparts as they age, although some differences – particularly in time spent as a car driver – persist. Millennials appear to exhibit a lag in adopting the activity patterns of predecessor generations due to delayed lifecycle milestones (e.g. completing their education, getting jobs, marrying, and having children) and lingering effects of the economic recession, suggesting that travel demand will resume growth in the future.     

One city,three models: comparison of land‐use/transport policy simulation models for Dortmund

The paper reports on simulation experiments conducted by the International Study Group on Land‐Use/Transport Interaction (ISGLUTI) for the metropolitan region of Dortmund in the Federal Republic of Germany. Three land‐use/transport simulation models were applied to the Dortmund region: the DORTMUND model developed at the University of Dortmund, the LILT model being used at University College London and the MEPLAN package developed by Marcial Echenique & Partners in Cambridge. The three models are briefly characterized and their ex‐post forecasts are compared with the actual development of the region. The final section of the paper compares how the three models respond to a common set of assumptions and policies from the fields of land‐use control, traffic management and transport investment. The differences in model response give insights into the validity of the theoretical foundations and internal structure of the models.     

高等数学中用极限定义的几个概念的教学思考

本文介绍了高等数学中几个用极限定义的概念,并举例介绍了如何用极限求之以及如何用其求极限,以便进一步理解、掌握概念,从而让学生体会数学中定义、公式的使用技巧。     

Assessment of diesel combustion noise overall level in transient operation

Combustion noise in passenger cars powered with direct injection (DI) diesel engines is frequently the main reason why end-users are reluctant to drive this type of vehicle. Thus, the great potential of diesel engines for environment preservation — due to their lower CO₂ emissions — could be missed. This situation worsens with the current design trends (engine downsizing) and the emerging new diesel combustion concepts (Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition-HCCI, Premixed Charge Compression Ignition-PCCI, etc.), which are intrinsically noisy. This negative feature can be even more critical in transient operation due to the contribution of the temporal changes of both source and transmission path on engine noise. Therefore, combustion noise must be considered as an additional essential factor in engine development, together with performance, emissions and driveability. Thus, suitable evaluation procedures that can be integrated into the global engine development process in a timely and cost-effective manner are imperative. Regarding the evaluation procedures, most of the work available in the literature addressed combustion noise at steady operation. To surpass this limitation, two possible approaches — adapted from the classical and multiple regression methods — for the overall level assessment of combustion noise in transient conditions are evaluated in this paper.     

基于消息的5T系统监测数据传输技术

针对铁路5T系统(红外线轴温探测系统、货车运行状态地面安全监测系统、货车滚动轴承早期故障轨边声学诊断系统、货车运行故障动态图像检测系统、客车运行安全监控系统)中的监测数据传输冲突和数据堵塞问题,以各种类型监测数据所反映出的安全程度为依据,建立5T系统信息模型,应用消息队列技术设计基于消息的动态优先队列传输流程,在量化优先因子影响因素的基础上建立基于数据类型、预警等级、车型和车速的数据传输优先模型,将对优先因子的求解转化为对部分权重信息下多目标决策模型的求解,建立单目标优化模型以求解优先模型中未确定的权重向量,根据求解得到的优先因子按照优先队列调整步骤进行传输队列调整.对据此开发的监测数据传输原型系统实验结果表明,所提出的技术方案可行且有效.     

Biologically induced differences in erodibility and aggregation of subtidal and intertidal sediments: a possible cause for seasonal changes in sediment deposition

This study was carried out to describe the difference in erodibility and aggregation in a tidal basin including both subtidal and intertidal study sites and to use these results to explain the shifting erosion/deposition cycles at the sites. Erosion thresholds, erosion rates and settling velocities of the eroded material were measured at a mudflat transect and at sediment cores taken from a nearby tidal channel during surveys made in May 2000 and March 2002. Surface samples were analysed for grain-size, chl. a content, faecal pellet content, dry bulk density and organic content. Additionally, surface samples were taken at eight occasions in the period January 2002 to May 2003 from shallow tidal channels in the area. These samples were analysed for mud content and showed that major shifts in sediment distribution occurred in the period. The erodibility of the mudflat was generally high due to pelletization by the mudsnail Hydrobia ulvae but close to the salt marsh much lower erodibility was found, probably due to stabilisation by microphytobenthos. In contrast, the erodibility of the channel bed seemed to be very little influenced by biological activity and the relatively low erodibility found here was caused by physical characteristics of the sediment. The sediment eroded from the mudflat was generally strongly pelletized and showed high settling velocities whereas less aggregation and lower settling velocities were found for the channel bed sediments. Temporal variations of the mudflat stability and hydrodynamics resulted in temporal variations of deposition and erosion and the changing stability at the mudflat is likely to be one of the main reasons for a general transport of fine-grained sediment from the mudflat to the channel in the cold seasons and vice versa during the rest of the year.     

An equivalent optimization problem for combined multiclass distribution,assignment and modal split which obviates symmetry restrictions

This paper presents a model for combined multiclass trip distribution, trip assignment and modal split. Although this model is based on an equivalent optimization problem, it avoids the symmetry restrictions heretofore always associated with such approaches to multiclass trip assignment. This is accomplished by expressing Wardrop's first principle as a set of nonlinear constraints in standard mathematical programming form. An algorithm is proposed, each iteration of which requires solving a nonlinear program with linear constraints.