大秦线运煤敞车车体情况调查及分析

针对我国铁路运煤敞车现状,以大秦线在用各种类型运煤敞车为试点,开展运煤敞车车体情况调查及分析,重点调查分析了铝合金、耐候钢和铁素体不锈钢材料车体的腐蚀、磨损情况,保护涂料现状,异种材料焊接部位的裂纹、腐蚀情况,材料的疲劳寿命和表面涂装问题,得出分析结论:目前使用的耐候钢材料其耐腐蚀性能不能满足车辆设计寿命的要求,铁素体不锈钢在耐腐蚀性能上明显优于耐候钢。建议对TCS不锈钢材料进行运用条件下的大气暴晒试验,C70B车体外表面油漆使用新的长效防护涂装体系,对有裂纹的车辆进行解剖、研究,以确定裂纹产生的原因、扩展方式和速度。     

状态维修系统的指数分布检测策略

系统有4种运行状态：正常、异常、隐患和故障，系统从正常依次经异常、隐患到达故障。正常状态、异常状态和隐患状态为系统的工作状态，系统处于哪种工作状态检测诊断后才能知道，系统故障时不需检测诊断就能知道。系统每次开始正常工作后，每隔一段随机时间对它检测诊断一次，直到系统故障或检测诊断出系统处于异常或隐患状态为止，并且诊断正常和异常时结果有可能出现错误，隐患诊断结果不会出错。在系统的寿命为连续型随机变量，检测间隔时间服从指数分布的假设下，利用向量Markov过程方法求出了系统的可靠性指标、系统的最优检测策略。     

军用便携式设备EMC设计

针对军用便携式设备EMC试验中暴露出的问题，介绍军用便携式设备在结构和电气上所采取的应对EMC试验措施。     

关于完善船员动态管理机制和提高船员适任能力的思考

船员动态管理是科学有效的船员管理方法,也是在海事管理发展的新形势下产生的一种全新的管理模式。但由于这一管理模式的实施时间还不长,处于初级阶段,存在着一些需要完善的方面,因此还没有将其作用充分发挥出来。本文通过分析船员动态管理的现状和存在的问题,对如何完善船员动态管理机制加强船员管理提高船员适任能力进行探讨,提出相关建议,以期待船员动态管理能够在提高船员适任能力上发挥更大的作用。     

船体中横剖面模数计算中应注重的地方

对内河钢质船舶船体中横剖面模数计算中易发生错误的地方,作者提出了个人的见解和计算方法,希望引起重视,以利于提高中横剖面模数计算的准确性。     

Air pollution from ships: Recent developments

All developments on air pollution by ships are fairly recent. Annex VI of the international Marpol-convention, regulating the emissions of CFCs, Halons, Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) from cargoes, emissions from incinerators and exhaust gas emissions from engines (NO_x and SO_x) entered into force in May 2005. The International Maritime Organization is currently discussing an upgrade of the air pollution issues covered by Annex VI and some that are not in Annex VI, such as greenhouse gas emissions. CO₂ is the most important greenhouse gas emitted by ship. Fuel consumption by the world merchant fleet is expected to grow to between 250–300 million tons per year with corresponding CO₂ emissions of 800–960 million tons per year. In Western Europe land based measures have reduced sulphur emissions substantially, leaving shipping as an important remaining source of these emissions. Average sulphur content of heavy fuel oils is 3%, with a limit of 4.5% imposed by Annex VI. Both the Baltic- and the North Sea have the status of SO_x emission control area, limiting sulphur content to 1.5%.     

Investment strategies in market uncertainty

The nature of the global economy is one of dynamic change. Shipping is a service industry with its demand related to changes in international trade levels and patterns. As a consequence shipping is subject to sometimes unpredictable swings in demand so that the operator is required to make strategic planning decisions while navigating through boom or bust environments. While boom economies generate rising freight rates which are welcomed and encourage investment, ship operators may also have to face falling freight demand and declining freight rates that may have significant impact on profitability, often falling to uneconomic levels for extended periods. In such a period of uncertainty and declining profitability management will make operational decisions to reduce costs. However, shipping lines operate in a market environment so any decisions made to rationalize the trade may have significant long-term competitive implications. For example, traditional micro economic theory might suggest that the prudent strategy to adopt would be to close down the operation and reopen when the market conditions improve. In a world of certainty or when costs of taking this action are zero, this would be a valid strategy. However, because of fear of competitors taking up a line's market share if the shipping company exits, even temporarily, this strategy cannot be valued simply in terms of shut-down and start-up costs. A further consideration is the fact that standard capital budgeting techniques, such as Net Present Value (NPV), cannot incorporate the flexibility to respond to new information and strategic responses explicitly into their investment analysis. This paper will demonstrate the use of Real Option Analysis (ROA) to provide guidelines for decisions about closing operations in adverse market conditions.     

大体积混凝土温度裂缝成因及防预措施

萧山港区及其物流现状萧山港区是杭州港四大港区中唯一位于钱塘江南岸的相对独立港区。近些年来,杭州港萧山港区的建设得到了快速发展。2006年完成货物吞吐量1157万吨,约占杭州港年度     

The coastal edge of the Northeast Water polynya in spring 1993

Multidisciplinary, marine ecological observations were conducted at the shallow water edge of the Northeast Water in June, 1993. Although variable in size and shape, a small polynya was constantly present at Eskimonaes, at the fast-ice edge of Ingolfsfjord. A shallow stratified layer developed at the water sufface at negative water and air temperatures—an effect of sea ice melting in cold water early in the season. Nutrients were recorded in considerable quantities, although by mid July NO₃ had become depleted. The chlorophyll and phytoplankton maxima at 8–12 m depth had peak values of 2 mg chl a m⁻³, typical for Arctic algal blooms. The phytoplankton included over 90 species and was dominated by the Fragillariopsis group. Zooplankton was poor in biomass and density, but over 23 taxa were found, with the copepods Oithona similis and Pseudocalanus acuspes being numerically dominant. Sedimentation was approximately 0.2 g dry weight m⁻² d⁻¹ and suspended matter concentrations ranged from 4 to 19 mg l⁻¹. The benthos was represented by hard bottom forms only, with a surprisingly dense cover of macrophytes. Juvenile sea urchins (Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis), brittle stars (Ophiocten sericeum) and amphipods were dominant. Higher trophic levels were represented by benthic feeders, such as eiders and walruses. The area observed was more similar to high Arctic fjord ecosystems than to the offshore central Northeast Water polynya.