Subsidy and public transit performance: A factor analytic approach

The need to measure and evaluate transit system performance has led to the development of numerous performance indicators. However, depending upon the indicator, we oftentimes reach different conclusions regarding transit system performance. The research reported in this paper uses factor analytic methods to generate a set of underlying attributes (factors) that capture the performance of public transit systems in Indiana. Similar to what is reported in the literature, this study finds three attributes that best describe transit system performance: efficiency, effectiveness, and overall performance. Based upon systemsÕ factor scores, the study finds that systems scoring highly on one attribute generally perform well on the remaining attributes. Further, there is an inverse relationship between system performance and subsidies, a finding that supports performance based subsidy allocations.     

国际船舶市场进入顶警区间

船舶行业是一个具有较高风险的行业，其中包括市场风险．造船能力的投资风险、汇率风险等等，而市场风险显得尤其重要。历史上船舶行业的大起大落，无不是因为船舶市场的兴衰引起的。上个世纪60年代持续到70年代中期的船市鼎盛，主要是由于当时世界石油．铁矿石等原料运输的需求，而70年代后期船市的大萧条，也是受当时两次石油危机的影响。世界航运市场疲软，船舶建造供大于求。 自2002年下半年起，世界造船市场又进入了历史上难得的上涨周期，但市场有涨必有落。为了防范市场风险，未雨绸缪。建立科学的预警指标体系势在必行。[编者按]     

大秦线运煤敞车车体情况调查及分析

针对我国铁路运煤敞车现状,以大秦线在用各种类型运煤敞车为试点,开展运煤敞车车体情况调查及分析,重点调查分析了铝合金、耐候钢和铁素体不锈钢材料车体的腐蚀、磨损情况,保护涂料现状,异种材料焊接部位的裂纹、腐蚀情况,材料的疲劳寿命和表面涂装问题,得出分析结论:目前使用的耐候钢材料其耐腐蚀性能不能满足车辆设计寿命的要求,铁素体不锈钢在耐腐蚀性能上明显优于耐候钢。建议对TCS不锈钢材料进行运用条件下的大气暴晒试验,C70B车体外表面油漆使用新的长效防护涂装体系,对有裂纹的车辆进行解剖、研究,以确定裂纹产生的原因、扩展方式和速度。     

略论寒区斜坡石流

根据A．H．博任斯基（Во-Жинский）等人的论文，对寒区山地斜坡石流堆积层（覆盖层）的成因，活动机理等主要问题作了比较系统的论述，并从全球变暖趋势将对斜坡石流今后的变化可能带来的影响作了初步的展望。     

状态维修系统的指数分布检测策略

系统有4种运行状态：正常、异常、隐患和故障，系统从正常依次经异常、隐患到达故障。正常状态、异常状态和隐患状态为系统的工作状态，系统处于哪种工作状态检测诊断后才能知道，系统故障时不需检测诊断就能知道。系统每次开始正常工作后，每隔一段随机时间对它检测诊断一次，直到系统故障或检测诊断出系统处于异常或隐患状态为止，并且诊断正常和异常时结果有可能出现错误，隐患诊断结果不会出错。在系统的寿命为连续型随机变量，检测间隔时间服从指数分布的假设下，利用向量Markov过程方法求出了系统的可靠性指标、系统的最优检测策略。     

军用便携式设备EMC设计

针对军用便携式设备EMC试验中暴露出的问题，介绍军用便携式设备在结构和电气上所采取的应对EMC试验措施。     

关于完善船员动态管理机制和提高船员适任能力的思考

船员动态管理是科学有效的船员管理方法,也是在海事管理发展的新形势下产生的一种全新的管理模式。但由于这一管理模式的实施时间还不长,处于初级阶段,存在着一些需要完善的方面,因此还没有将其作用充分发挥出来。本文通过分析船员动态管理的现状和存在的问题,对如何完善船员动态管理机制加强船员管理提高船员适任能力进行探讨,提出相关建议,以期待船员动态管理能够在提高船员适任能力上发挥更大的作用。     

船体中横剖面模数计算中应注重的地方

对内河钢质船舶船体中横剖面模数计算中易发生错误的地方,作者提出了个人的见解和计算方法,希望引起重视,以利于提高中横剖面模数计算的准确性。     

Air pollution from ships: Recent developments

All developments on air pollution by ships are fairly recent. Annex VI of the international Marpol-convention, regulating the emissions of CFCs, Halons, Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) from cargoes, emissions from incinerators and exhaust gas emissions from engines (NO_x and SO_x) entered into force in May 2005. The International Maritime Organization is currently discussing an upgrade of the air pollution issues covered by Annex VI and some that are not in Annex VI, such as greenhouse gas emissions. CO₂ is the most important greenhouse gas emitted by ship. Fuel consumption by the world merchant fleet is expected to grow to between 250–300 million tons per year with corresponding CO₂ emissions of 800–960 million tons per year. In Western Europe land based measures have reduced sulphur emissions substantially, leaving shipping as an important remaining source of these emissions. Average sulphur content of heavy fuel oils is 3%, with a limit of 4.5% imposed by Annex VI. Both the Baltic- and the North Sea have the status of SO_x emission control area, limiting sulphur content to 1.5%.