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81.
Vehicle safety has become the most important issue in automobile design. However, all efforts to improve safety devices focus on enhancing safety features for occupants. Notably, pedestrians are the second largest category of motor vehicle deaths, after occupants, and account for about 13 percent of motor vehicle deaths. It is essential to design pedestrian-friendly vehicles and pedestrian protection systems to reduce pedestrian fatalities and injuries. To effectively assess pedestrian injuries resulting from vehicle impact, a deformable pedestrian model must be developed for vehicle-pedestrian collision analysis. This study constructs a pedestrian-collision numerical model based on LS-DYNA finite element code. To verify the accuracy of the proposed deformable pedestrian model, experimental data are used in the pedestrian model test. This study applies the proposed model to analyze the dynamic responses and injuries of pedestrians involved in collisions. The modeled results can help assess vehicle pedestrian friendliness and assist in the future development of pedestrian-friendly vehicle technologies. 相似文献
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83.
比较了现行中美规范平行式加速车道长度计算方法的差异, 结合运动学模型和可接受间隙理论, 在考虑主线交通水平、初始速度与可变间隙3种影响因素的基础上, 建立了城市快速路平行式加速车道长度计算模型, 采用蒙特卡洛方法求解模型, 分析了3种影响因素对加速车道长度的影响, 并提出了一种基于期望初始速度和期望主线交通水平的加速车道长度确定方法。分析结果表明: 3种影响因素对加速车道长度有较大的影响, 在不同设计时速下, 《城市快速路设计规程》 (CJJ129—2009) 规定的长度最小值均小于仿真值, 在设计时速为100km·h-1时, 三级服务水平上下限的加速车道长度分别比规定的最小值大27~36、9~27 m, 在设计时速为80km·h-1时, 分别大10~22、4~24m, 在设计时速为60km·h-1时, 分别大15~24、13~30m;随着初始速度的减小, 加速车道长度呈现增大趋势; 在相同条件下, 第4种临界间隙函数的加速车道长度最大, 而第1种临界间隙函数的加速车道长度最小, 表明临界间隙越大, 需要的加速车道就越长; 不同设计时速下三级服务水平上下限加速车道长度和初始速度的二次函数拟合度为0.865 8~0.999 7, 因此, 整体拟合效果良好。可见, 本文的快速路平行式加速车道长度计算方法合理、可靠。 相似文献
84.
The response of the Black Sea mean level to atmospheric pressure (AP) and wind forcing is investigated using 5 years of TOPEX/POSEIDON (T/P hereafter) data. A coherence analysis is first applied to mean sea level and pressure to examine the validity of the inverse barometer (IB) approximation over this area. As expected, it reveals very significant deviations from an IB response attributed to the narrowness of the Bosphorus Strait and its limiting role in water exchanges. A comparison is drawn with the Mediterranean Sea case. A single basin version of the Candela analytical model [Candela, J., 1991. The Gibraltar Strait and its role in the dynamics of the Mediterranean Sea. Dyn. Atmos. Oceans 15, 267–300], which takes linear friction at the strait into account, is then used. The model explains a significant part of the T/P mean sea level variance (about 30%, while the IB correction only explains 5% of its variance) and provides a means to correct the altimeter data for the pressure effect much better than the standard IB effect. The response of the mean sea level to wind forcing is then analysed. Coherence analysis between sea level and along-strait wind stress (WS) reveals a significant coherence at periods ranging from 40 to 100 days, with an almost steady phase of 270°. This result is confirmed with a multiple coherence analysis (mean sea level vs. WS and AP). A plausible mechanism is a piling-up of water at the northern or southern end of the strait due to along-strait wind forcing. The associated along-strait pressure gradient would modify the barotropic flow in the strait and then the mean sea level. Using an extension of the Candela model, we show that this mechanism is consistent with T/P mean sea level observations. 相似文献
85.
为改善降雨环境下城市过街设施的交通安全与效率,研究了雨天行人流过街的自组织行为特性并对其进行仿真建模。结合现场采集的晴、雨天行人流过街轨迹数据,对比分析常见中、小雨天气下过街行人流的速度统计分布、避让位移偏量以及空间溢出幅度;在此基础上通过改进社会力模型建立雨天行人流过街运动模型;应用实测数据标定模型参数并进行仿真验证。特性分析结果显示:雨天行人流过街速度在0.5~1.25 m/s区间的占比较晴天增加了58.80%,而在1.25~2.0 m/s区间占比降低了24.37%,表明其分布向低速范围显著偏移(p < 0.001),同时由于未撑伞或溢出行人的紧迫心理,仍有8.05%的行人以2.0~2.5 m/s的较高步速过街;雨天对向行人避让的位移偏量较晴天平均增幅达46.80%,其整体趋势显著增大(p < 0.001);雨天行人流空间溢出的临界过街等待人数和人流量较晴天分别下降7人与3人/分钟,溢出幅度为5.07%~24.80%。仿真验证结果表明:所建立的行人流过街运动模型,其模拟的雨天行人过街轨迹精度与晴天达到同量级,其中晴天单向前行与对向避让轨迹均方根误差分别为0.245和0.483,而雨天则为0.329和0.702;模拟的过街速度统计分布与实测分布无显著差异(晴天p =0.620,雨天p =0.649),且能够还原未撑伞或溢出行人的高速过街行为;模拟典型场景下雨天行人流溢出幅度与实测值的绝对误差为2.08%,而晴天均未发生溢出现象,与实测结果相符。 相似文献
86.
基于横穿西天山山脉的G219线温泉至霍尔果斯公路建设项目,通过沿线气象资料的收集分析,得到气温、降水、风速的时空分布情况;采用积雪环境信息遥感调查的方法,分析影响路线及路基设计的积雪类型、分布范围、厚度和成因,模拟分析雪崩堆积区的形态、面积、位置、堆积体特征、雪崩量、雪崩裂点位置,并对风吹雪灾害进行分级评估。根据雪害分布及发育情况,结合地形地质条件,对克孜勒隧道两处进口和两处出口方案进行组合比选,推荐采用路线绕避、抬高路基、设置挡雪墙、明洞、防雪棚洞等处置措施,在雪害整体可控、预留升级改造条件、造价合理的前提下,推荐采用K线方案。 相似文献
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89.
Agent-based approach is a popular tool for modelling and developing large-scale distributed systems such as urban traffic control system with dynamic traffic flows. This study proposes a multi-agent-based approach to optimize urban traffic network signal control, which utilizes a mathematical programming method to optimize the signal timing plans at intersections. To improve the overall network efficiency, we develop an online agent-based signal coordination scheme, underpinned by the communication among different intersection control agents. In addition, the initial coordination scheme that pre-adjusts the offsets between the intersections is developed based on the historical demand information. Comparison and sensitivity analysis are conducted to evaluate the performance of the proposed method on a customized traffic simulation platform using MATLAB and VISSIM. Simulation results indicate that the proposed method can effectively avoid network oversaturation and thus reduces average travel delay and improves average vehicle speed, as compared to rule-based multi-agent signal control methods. 相似文献
90.