柴油机燃油系统故障诊断及排除

介绍了柴油机燃油系统故障的诊断以及一些典型故障的排除办法。     

货运评估系统的开发

经95年修正的1978年STCW公约已于1997年2月1日正式生效,我国海事局的97规则也已开始实施,以上公约和规则的实施,对船员的适任标准有了更高更具体的要求,考核的手段进一步加强,特别强调实践技能和动手能力的评估,在证书的发放上也不再像以前一样仅凭理论考试成绩,而是增加了评估项目,用以考核船员的实际动手能力。     

船舶减摇装置的回顾与展望

舰船在海上航行,时有各种海难事故发生的可能.但其中以船舶受恶劣气候及大风浪影响,激烈横摇导致船舶海损甚至倾覆沉没为最多,由我国近期发生的几起海损事故就可见一斑.一艘5000TEU集装箱船,在海上遇飓风,船舶横摇超过30°,巨大的横摇力顿使400只集装箱倾入大海,直接经济损失高达5000多万美元.滚装船"大舜号"在渤海湾遭遇风浪后,船舶剧烈摇摆,巨大的横摇力使船内的车辆固定失效,车辆又随船左右滑动,一方面相互撞碰起火,另一方面又加剧了船舶的摇摆,稳性失控,结果使该船"全军覆没".     

Impact analysis of cordon-based congestion pricing on mode-split for a bimodal transportation network

This paper investigates the impact of cordon-based congestion pricing scheme on the mode-split of a bimodal transportation network with auto and rail travel modes. For any given toll-charge pattern, its impact on the mode-split can be estimated by solving a combined mode-split and traffic-assignment problem. Using a binary logit model for the mode-split, the combined problem is converted into a traffic-assignment problem with elastic demand. Probit-based stochastic user equilibrium (SUE) principle is adopted for this traffic-assignment problem, and a continuously distributed value of time (VOT) is assumed to convert the toll charges and transit fares into time-units. This combined mode-split and traffic-assignment problem is then formulated as a fixed-point model, which can be solved by a convergent Cost Averaging method. The combined mode-split and traffic-assignment problem is then used to analyze a multimodal toll design problem for cordon-based congestion pricing scheme, with the aim of increasing the mode-share of public transport system to a targeted level. Taking the fixed-point model as a constraint, the multimodal toll design problem is thus formulated as a mathematical programming with equilibrium constraints (MPEC) model. A genetic algorithm (GA) is employed to solve this MPEC model, which is then numerical validated by a network example.     

A computational model for the probit‐based dynamic stochastic user optimal traffic assignment problem

This paper focuses on computational model development for the probit‐based dynamic stochastic user optimal (P‐DSUO) traffic assignment problem. We first examine a general fixed‐point formulation for the P‐DSUO traffic assignment problem, and subsequently propose a computational model that can find an approximated solution of the interest problem. The computational model includes four components: a strategy to determine a set of the prevailing routes between each origin–destination pair, a method to estimate the covariance of perceived travel time for any two prevailing routes, a cell transmission model‐based traffic performance model to calculate the actual route travel time used by the probit‐based dynamic stochastic network loading procedure, and an iterative solution algorithm solving the customized fixed‐point model. The Ishikawa algorithm is proposed to solve the computational model. A comparison study is carried out to investigate the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed algorithm with the method of successive averages. Two numerical examples are used to assess the computational model and the algorithm proposed. Results show that Ishikawa algorithm has better accuracy for smaller network despite requiring longer computational time. Nevertheless, it could not converge for larger network. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

隧道震裂岩体围岩分级方法初探

汶川地震产生了大量的震裂松动山体,为合理评价在这些震裂山体中新建隧道的围岩级别,通过极震区在建隧道现场震裂岩体调查,对震裂岩体特征及其对围岩稳定性的影响进行了分析。震裂岩体是一种受强烈地震波作用后,岩体结构面更加发育,层间结合更差的一种岩体;并且硬质岩和软质岩的震裂特征不同,硬质震裂岩体易产生集中式张裂缝和松动,软质震裂岩体易产生体积式松弛变形。在此基础上,提出了岩体震裂等级,划分为轻微、中等、强烈三种级别,并建立了震裂岩体围岩分级的修正方案,即:轻微震裂岩体对围岩稳定性影响不大,可不考虑降低围岩级别,或者降低0.5级;中等震裂岩体对围岩稳定性有不利影响,围岩级别降低0.5～1级;强烈震裂岩体对围岩稳定性影响极为不利,围岩级别降低1～1.5级。     

CRTSⅠ型轨道板拨轨更换轨温差限值研究

以沪宁城际客运专线CRTSⅠ型板式无砟轨道大修拨轨换板作业为背景,建立高速铁路钢轨—扣件系统三维有限元模型,将仿真结果与现场实测数据进行比对验证了模型的有效性,并利用该模型研究分析了高速铁路板式轨道换板大修作业时直线段和半径7 000 m曲线段中施工轨温与锁定轨温温差对钢轨应力和变形的影响规律。根据模型分析得出的温差-应力变化规律,以钢轨允许应力限值377.78 MPa为依据,推得施工时钢轨轨温与锁定轨温温差允许范围:直线段应在-33.46～43.95℃范围内,曲线段内轨应在-23.35～42.78℃范围内,曲线段外轨应在-25.69～39.08℃范围内。     

基于点线能力约束的多层级节点协同布局优化模型及算法研究

多层级物流节点布局对物流系统的降本增效具有重要作用. 提出物流网络简化处理策略,结合实际物理网络结构,以最短路径、共同弧段及通道运能三要素为重点构建了多层级物流节点的网络拓扑;在此基础上,结合不同层级物流节点的最大服务半径、服务能力及成本等属性,系统性考虑节点及通道运能,构建基于点线能力约束的多层级节点协同布局优化模型;结合模型决策变量特点,利用改进的和声搜索算法进行求解. 采用实际案例进行测试和应用,进行相应情景分析. 结果表明,模型及算法具有良好的适应性,为实际多层级物流节点选址提供一定决策依据.     

Investigations of interactions between bus rapid transit and general traffic flows

Bus rapid transit (BRT) is a popular strategy to increase transit attraction because of its high‐capacity, comfortable service, and fast travel speed with the exclusive right‐of‐way. Various engineering designs of right‐of‐way and the violation enforcement influence interactions between BRT and general traffic flows. An empirical assessment framework is proposed to investigate traffic congestion and lane‐changing patterns at one typical bottleneck along a BRT corridor. The BRT bottleneck consists of bus lane, BRT station, video enforcement zone, and transit signal priority intersection. We analyze oblique cumulative vehicle counts and oblique cumulative lane‐changing maneuvers extracted from videos. The cumulative vehicle counts method widely applied in revealing queueing dynamics at freeway bottlenecks is extended to an urban BRT corridor. In the study site, we assume four lane‐changing patterns, three of which are verified by the empirical measurements. Investigations of interactions between buses and general traffic show that abnormal behaviors (such as lane violations and slow moving of the general traffic) induce 16% reduction in the saturation rate of general traffic and 17% increase in bus travel time. Further observations show that the BRT station and its induced increasing lane‐changing maneuvers increase the downstream queue discharge flows of general traffic. The empirical results also contribute to more efficient strategies of BRT planning and operations, such as alternative enforcement methods, various lane separation types, and optimized traffic operations. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

埋地管道交流干扰的测试与防护

为了了解目标管道的交流干扰情况,使用电位自动采集仪器对管道进行了长时间的交流干扰电压监测。监测结果表明:监测管段中只有1处交流干扰强度为弱,其余位置均为强,应采取排流措施进行保护。根据前期的监测结果制定了固态去耦合器+锌带的排流方法进行交流干扰的治理。在安装完排流装置后,进行了长时间的监测,通过排流前后交流电压的对比、交流电流密度的计算和24 h的监测,结果表明治理方案可以有效减轻管道的交流干扰,降低了管道受到交流腐蚀的风险,保证了管道的安全运行。