Comparison of fuel efficiency and exhaust emissions between the aged and new DPF systems of Euro 5 diesel passenger car

This study was conducted to examine the impact of aged and new DPF systems of the Euro 5 diesel passenger car on fuel efficiency and exhaust emissions. Test diesel vehicle used in this study was equipped with diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) and diesel particulate filter (DPF) as aftertreatment systems, and satisfied the Euro-5 emissions standard. The displacement volume of engine was 1.6 L and the cumulative mileage was 167,068 km before the test. The FTP-75 test procedure was used, and the time resolved and weight based exhaust emissions of total hydrocarbon (THC), carbon monoxide (CO) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) were measured. The results show that the vehicle with the new DPF system has lower emissions of THC, CO and NOx than the aged one, and fuel efficiency also increased about 5 percent. The aged DPF system had higher backpressure due to the particulate matter (mostly in the form of ash) accumulated in the DPF. As was shown in the analysis using X-CT (X-ray computer tomography), the aged DPF system had particulate matter (PM) accumulated to a length of 46.6 mm. In addition, a component analysis of PM through XRF (X-ray fluorescence) analysis found that 50 % or more of the components consisted of the P, S, Ca, and Zn.     

Robust control for four-wheel-independent-steering electric vehicle with steer-by-wire system

A four-wheel-independent-steering (4WIS) electric vehicle (EV) with steer-by-wire (SBW) system is proposed in this paper. The fast terminal sliding mode controller (FTSMC) is designed for the SBW system to suppress external disturbances. Taking unstructured and structured uncertainties into consideration, a robust controller is designed for the 4WIS EV utilizing μ synthesis approach and the controller order reduction is implemented based on Hankel-Norm approximation. Since sideslip angle is the feedback signal of robust controller and it is hard to measure, the extended Kalman filter (EKF) is employed to estimate sideslip angle. To evaluate the vehicle performance with the designed control system, step and sinusoidal steering maneuvers are simulated and analyzed. Simulation results show that the designed control system have good tracking ability, strong robust stability and good robust performance to improve vehicle stability and handing performance.     

Numerical method for simulating tire rolling noise by the concept of periodically exciting contact force

For the numerical simulation of tire rolling noise, an important subject is the extraction of normal velocity data of the tire surface that are essential for the acoustic analysis. In the current study, a concept of periodically exciting contact force is introduced to effectively extract the tire normal velocity data. The ground contact pressure within contact patch that is obtained by the static tire contact analysis is periodically applied to the whole tread surface of stationary tire. The periodically exciting contact forces are sequentially applied with a time delay corresponding to the tire rolling speed. The tire vibration is analyzed by the mode superposition in the frequency domain, and the acoustic analysis is performed by commercial BEM code. The proposed method is illustrated through the numerical experiment of 3-D smooth tire model and verified from the comparison with experiment, and furthermore the acoustical responses are investigated to the tire rolling speed.     

Occupant injury risk analysis at NASS/CDS database

Injury information for vehicle occupants from the body regions of the head, thorax, abdomen, and upper and lower extremities, due to the restraints and interior parts of the vehicle, were extracted from the 2009 ~ 2012 NASS/CDS database. For those cases with high occurrence frequency, a detailed and comprehensive data analysis was performed to find the relationship between the accident, occupant, vehicle, and injury data. A numerical frontal impact sled model with the Hybrid III dummy and the GHBMC human body model was constructed to simulate and identify those injury risks according to NASS/CDS. Among the 5,734 injuries to the aforementioned body regions from frontal crashes are, listed by frequency of occurrence, the lower extremity (27.8 %), upper extremity (21.3 %), thorax (15.1 %), face (10.9 %), spine (8.7 %), head (7.3 %), and abdomen (6.9 %). The main injury sources to the head were the windshield, side structure, and steering wheel. For the thorax and abdomen they were the seat belt and steering wheel. For the lower extremity it was the instrument panel. The main injury patterns for the head were the concussion and the contusion. For the thorax they were vessel laceration and lung contusion. For the abdomen they were laceration and contusion of the organs. For the lower extremity they were bone fracture and ligament rupture. The steering wheel and seat positions were main factors affecting head and thorax injury risks. From the sled impact simulation, high injury risks of the head and thorax were assessed respectively at conditions of steering column tilt down and rear most seat position, which correlated well with the findings from the NASS/CDS data analysis.     

城市居住片区公共空间和城市设计问题浅析——以萧山闻堰部分住宅区为例

由于缺乏系统化的城市设计导则,使得当前城市住宅区公共空间建设中存在着各种不合理的现象,由此导致城市公共空间服务水平较低。通过对萧山区闻堰镇部分地域上连续的商业开发地产项目的具体分析,并结合相关资料的收集及实地的访谈,对城市居住片区公共空间规划中的问题作了简要的分析,指出现代住区规划过程中的诸多不合理现象的问题根源,以期对当前城市住宅区中公共空间设计有所帮助。同时,还结合作者自身在实践中得到的经验体会,对当前住宅区公共空间设计的思路,以及观点进行了阐述。接着指出,只有通过管理部门和设计人员提升转换理念,树立正确的价值观,改进设计和管理的方式、方法,借助住区全体居民的共同支持和努力,才能打造出具有时代意义的"和谐"社区。     

乌鲁木齐市城南经贸区交通组织方案

乌鲁木齐市城南经贸合作区为新开发区域,由于其处于国道、高速公路交汇之处,虽然交通体系发达,但新开发区域与现状道路及规划路网均存在衔接冲突,相交节点较多,给片区路网的交通组织带来一定的影响,因此需要针对片区的近远期发展及规划路网的实施提出交通组织方案设计。     

山区桥梁墩柱长度系数计算方法研究

桥墩的计算长度问题是山区高速公路桥梁设计中的难题。文中以某在建的高速公路桥梁为工程实例,分析探讨桥墩长度系数的计算方法,并介绍目前常用的通过欧拉公式推导长度系数的计算方法,再建立有限元模型进行结构屈曲分析,得到桥墩的计算长度系数。分析比较2种方法可知,结构有限元屈曲分析法能够更准确地考虑桥墩的边界条件及横向联系作用,计算精度更高。     

利用Cruise软件进行整车动力性和燃油经济性仿真分析

本文论述了利用CRUISE软件进行汽车建模的过程,并对某重型商用车的动力性和燃油经济性进行了仿真分析。     

汽车导航用电子地图的高效路网模型

为了有效地描述实际道路网络，提高汽车导航系统的运行效率，建立了一种新的电子地图的路网模型。在分析了嵌入式系统特点的基础上，对路网的数据结构进行了简化。采用重整实体ID的方法，进一步提高了数据的处理效率。实践证明，该模型可以较好地表述实际的道路网络，结构精练，处理效率高，适合车载导航系统，特别是嵌入式车载导航系统的要求。     

车用发动机动态排放测试系统及其应用

介绍了某汽车开发中心发动机动态排放测试系统的系统构成、系统集成方法及部分试验结果。提出了发动机动态排放测试系统的具体构成，比较分析了发动机／测功器控制子系统的各种类型。由此，得出动态排放测试系统的设备选型及实施方案，并通过图形给出系统安装调试完成后的试验结果。