Factors influencing support for local transportation sales tax measures

Sales tax measures passed at the local level and dedicated to transportation projects have become increasingly popular in the United States. While revenues from fuel taxes stagnate, growth of local transportation sales taxes (LTSTs), most approved in local elections, has led to a gradual shift of the financial base for transportation projects away from user fees and toward broader-based taxes. In this study, the relationship between voter support and the social, political, and geographic characteristics of the voters is explored. Using precinct-level voting data and census demographic data for three local transportation sales tax elections in Sonoma County, in the San Francisco Metropolitan area of California, regression models were constructed to analyze this relationship. In addition, the relationship between the outcomes of the three measures was explored to better understand which transportation projects might have garnered more support for the successful measure. It was found that the closer voters lived to the transportation projects to be funded, the greater their support. Higher incomes were also positively related to support, controlling for other variables. Political leanings were found to affect support, with the direction of the effect dependent upon the project list in each measure’s expenditure plan. Finally, it appears that the latest measure, which passed successfully, benefited greatly from its multi-modal expenditure plan.     

Simulating the impacts of household travel on greenhouse gas emissions,urban air quality,and population exposure

This paper establishes a link between an activity-based model for the Greater Toronto Area (GTA), dynamic traffic assignment, emission modelling, and air quality simulation. This provides agent-based output that allows vehicle emissions to be tracked back to individuals and households who are producing them. In addition, roadway emissions are dispersed and the resulting ambient air concentrations are linked with individual time-activity patterns in order to assess population exposure to air pollution. This framework is applied to evaluate the effects of a range of policy interventions and 2031 scenarios on the generation of vehicle emissions and greenhouse gases in the GTA. Results show that the predicted increase of approximately 2.6 million people and 1.3 million jobs in the region by 2031 compared to 2001 levels poses a major challenge in achieving meaningful reductions in GHGs and air pollution.     

Isolating high-priority metro and feeder bus transfers using smart card data

Fixed-rail metro (or ‘subway’) infrastructure is generally unable to provide access to all parts of the city grid. Consequently, feeder bus lines are an integral component of urban mass transit systems. While passengers prefer a seamless transfer between these two distinct transportation services, each service’s operations are subject to a different set of factors that contribute to metro-bus transfer delay. Previous attempts to understand transfer delay were limited by the availability of tools to measure the time and cost associated with passengers’ transfer experience. This paper uses data from smart card systems, an emerging technology that automatically collects passenger trip data, to understand transfer delay. The primary objective of this study is to use smart card data to derive a reproducible methodology that isolates high priority transfer points between the metro system and its feeder-bus systems. The paper outlines a methodology to identify transfer transactions in the smart card dataset, estimate bus headways without the aid of geographic location information, estimate three components of the total transfer time (walking time, waiting time, and delay time), and isolate high-priority transfer pairs. The paper uses smart card data from Nanjing, China as a case study. The results isolate eight high priority metro-bus transfer pairs in the Nanjing metro system and finally, offers several targeted measures to improve transfer efficiency.     

车用冷却风扇安装位置对其性能影响的分析研究

根据某重型车用环形风扇的实际风筒试验过程建立了该风扇风筒仿真模型,并将计算结果与试验数据进行了比较,验证了模型的可靠性.利用该模型对不同风扇的轴向伸入距离、径向间隙进行仿真分析.结果表明,轴向伸入距离和径向间隙对风扇性能的影响十分显著:该风扇轴向伸入距离为75 mm、径向间隙为25 mm是较合理的安装距离:不同的轴向伸入距离对径向间隙的要求是不同的.     

中低速电动汽车盈亏敏感性分析

从消费者的角度出发,详细分析和对比了中低速电动汽车和燃油汽车的生命周期成本,并引入盈亏敏感性这一参数来比较两者的优势;且重点分析了未来油价、电池价格和电池寿命对生命周期成本的影响;最后讨论了铅酸电池和锂离子电池的应用可行性,得出在现有的市场和技术水平条件下,装用铅酸电池的中低速电动汽车相对于同级燃油汽车已具有生命周期成本优势;而在油价和电池单价保持现有水平的条件下,锂离子电池只有当寿命延长至15万km时,其生命周期成本才能与燃油汽车达到平衡.     

新形势下我国新能源汽车政策现状与发展趋势研究

汽车产业作为我国重要的经济支柱产业,在我国的经济发展和国家发展中发挥了重要的作用,为了寻求产业发展和能源消耗之间的平衡,新能源汽车的概念应时而生.特别是在当前我国各方面建设都进入新常态的形势下,推进新能源汽车的进一步发展,是现在我们必须要认清的一个很迫切的问题,也是一个很现实的问题.     

新的轮式驱动电动车电子差速控制算法的研究

提出了一种用于轮式驱动电动车的电子差速控制算法,将转弯时转矩分配计算和基于车轮滑移率的开关控制相结合,对车辆左右驱动轮输入不同的转矩,同时根据轮胎偏转角的变化率确定目标滑移率。仿真研究证明,与采用机械差速器相比,新的电子差速控制系统鲁棒性好,车辆的驾驶更安全平稳,并能获得更优异的转向性能和更快的响应特性。     

电喷汽油机可变进气系统的优化设计

利用发动机一维气体流动模拟程序，对某电喷汽油机进气系统的流动过程进行了模拟计算。对该汽油机采用的可变进气系统的歧管直径和长度、控制阀开关的切换转速等结构参数进行了优化设计。计算结果表明，与原机相比，经优化设计后系统的充气效率最大增加幅值大于11％，且改变了充气效率随转速的变化趋势。分析了配气正时对可变进气系统充气效率的影响。     

影响钢筋混凝土结构物耐久性的主要因素及对策

钢筋混凝土结构物的耐久性已成为当今困扰土建基础设施工程的世界性难题,并已引起各界广泛重视。通过分析钢筋混凝土结构物腐蚀机理和破坏原因,提出了提高钢筋混凝土结构物耐久性的对策。     

Simulation of mixed gas formation for a spray-wall complex guided LPG direct injection engine

To obtain an ultralean air-fuel ratio and to reduce engine-out NOX and HC emissions induced by the richer mixture near the spark plug, a spray and wall complex guided combustion system has been developed by utilizing the fuel characteristics of LPG. The new combustion system configuration is optimized by using a commercial CFD code, FIRE V2013, and the reliability of the system has been experimentally demonstrated by Plane Laser-Induced Fluorescence (PLIF). The mixture formation in the new combustion system under part load (2,000 rpm) is numerically simulated. With an injection timing of 40°CA BTDC, the LPG spray which is injected from two upper holes, reaches the ignition point, and the other part of the LPG spray which is injected from the bottom hole, is directed to the ignition point through the vertical vortices at the same time. At the ignition timing of about 20°CA BTDC, the two-part mixtures have been shown to form a stable and richer stratified mixture around the ignition point, and the maximum global air-fuel ratio reaches to 60: 1.