Total oil spill costs and compensations

Although counteracting environmental programmes and policies have been strengthened, large oil spills still occur at irregular intervals. The total oil spill costs and their compensations have attracted much interest from various parties, such as local stakeholders, and state and federal governments. This paper addresses five major cost categories whose aggregations are expected to cover the overall direct and indirect costs after the release of an oil spill. Among them, research costs should not be neglected, since they tend to be high if public attention has been drawn to the case. Through an examination of the relationship between the total oil spill costs and their admissible claims, we found that:

1. admissible claims do not cover the overall costs of the oil spill, and
2. admissible claims cannot be compensated in full in the case of large spills.

Clearly, a sound oil spill contingency management aims to minimize both the environmental impacts of areas most at risk and the total oil spill costs. In this paper an economic model for measuring environmental damages following an oil spill is addressed and applied to the Prestige case which happened to be the worst oil pollution in the history of Spain. The model indicates how an ideally a priori economic evaluation may intuitively help managers to make informed as well as fast decisions in contingency cases.     

公路交通参数检测器的设计

提出了一种公路交通参数检测器的设计方案。检测器分为检测模块与处理模块两部分，利用LC并联谐振电路与锁相环工作原理，设计了基于单片计算机的检测模块；根据检测器的性能要求，设计了基于单片计算机的处理模块，完成对数据的采集、处理、存贮与传输。本检测器具有实用性好、抗噪声与防串音能力强、工作稳定度高和易于实现联网工作的优点。     

基于气电转换的发动机缸体在线测量系统

工业计算机控制的发动机缸体测量系统是由气动测量芯轴和差压式测量回路等组成,系统采用气电转换技术,在线自动测量发动机缸孔和主轴承孔并分组打号,满足了生产现场高精度测量的要求。     

基于半刚性基层的长寿命沥青混凝土路面有限元分析

利用三维有限元对采用半刚性基层的长寿命路面结构进行了分析计算。结果表明：对于采用半刚性基层的路面结构,如果想达到长寿命路面的要求,必须加厚沥青联结层厚度。     

城市道路指路标志文字信息的布置

过多的信息使城市道路指路标志尺寸较大,设置与维护成本增加,有必要研究指路标志信息布置方法。通过室内仿真试验,比较了高信息量条件下,驾驶人对两种指路标志信息布设方式认知时间的差异。利用现场试验,研究指路标志字间距、行间距与视认距离的关系。结果表明,高信息量条件下采用两块标志显示信息有利于驾驶人阅读,建议字间距为汉字高度的1／10,行间距为汉字高度的1／5。     

计算机联锁系统管理的几点思考

为适应铁路改革发展新形势的需要，从2005年3月18日起，铁道部实行了铁路局直接管理站段的新体制。管理层次少了，管理跨度大了，对计算机联锁系统的应用也提出了新的挑战。因此，有必要结合现场实践，对计算机联锁系统的管理进行探讨。     

Special requirements for alumina ceramic of ESG electrode bowl

At present ESG (Electrostatic Suspended Gyro) is the most precise inertia element in the world. The electrode bowl, which has direct effect on the precision of ESG, is a key part to ESG. Through the analysis of the function and characteristic of the electrode bowl in hollow rotor ESG and the present situation of new material development in the world, the alumina ceramic is regarded as the best material for the electrode bowl of hollow rotor ESG. By analyzing the present situation of alumina ceramic in the world, main technique requirements have been put forward for the alumina ceramic of ESG electrode bowl which is also fit for solid rotor ESG.     

支持向量机在货运量预测中的应用研究

在分析现有货运量预测方法所存在问题的基础上,建立了货运量预测的支持向量机模型,并以我国1981～2001年的货运量和相关经济指标的历史统计数据作为学习样本,分别选用3种不同的核函数,通过拟合训练和外推预测分析,验证了支持向量机用于货运量预测的有效性,并对模型中的有关参数进行了探讨分析。     

列车纵向冲击的检测与分析

针对列车纵向冲击问题,提出了信号采集与处理方案,设计了一套随车采集和分析系统。文中介绍了系统组成、工作原理及运行过程,初步建立了纵向冲击与旅客乘坐舒适度之间的数学模型,并运用该模型进行了实际演算,取得了预期的效果。     

牵引电机反馈试验站测控系统设计

牵引电机反馈试验站测控系统主要对牵引电机进行性能测试 ,计算机根据自动检测到的数据做出综合分析 ,在测试全过程中 ,系统实时显示电机状态信息。测试后的数据 ,可按用户提出的要求进行查询打印 ,方便机务段进行数据管理 ,从根本上保证机车电机的检修质量 ,提高了检修效率。