ICP-AES法测定霍加拉特剂中7种金属元素

采用王水湿式消化处理样品,建立了ICP-AES法同时测定霍加拉特剂中Mn、Cu、Na、Al、Ca、Mg和Fe等7种金属元素的方法。通过谱线选择、条件优化和基体匹配等方法消除元素间干扰和基体效应,探讨了酸类型及酸度值对谱线强度的影响,研究了溶液浓度对精密度及线性相关系数的影响。方法的线性相关系数均大于0.999,Mn、Cu、Na、Al、Ca、Mg和Fe的最佳谱线分别为Mn257.610nm、Cu327.393nm、Na589.592nm、Al396.153nm、Ca317.933nm、Mg285.213nm、Fe238.204nm,相应的检出限分别为0.0008、0.0009、0.012、0.028、0.010、0.001、0.004μg/mL,对应测定值的相对标准偏差分别为0.34%、0.87%、0.87%、0.54%、0.48%、0.84%、0.55%,加标回收率为94.2%～104.4%。该方法简便、快捷、准确,可在测定其他催化剂中金属含量时推广应用。     

Large-scale application of MILATRAS: case study of the Toronto transit network

This paper documents the efforts to operationalize the conceptual framework of MIcrosimulation Learning-based Approach to TRansit Assignment (MILATRAS) and its component models of departure time and path choices. It presents a large-scale real-world application, namely the multi-modal transit network of Toronto which is operated by the Toronto Transit Commission (TTC). This large-scale network is represented by over 500 branches with more than 10,000 stops. About 332,000 passenger-agents are modelled to represent the demand for the TTC in the AM peak period. A learning-based departure time and path choice model was adopted using the concept of mental models for the modelling of the transit assignment problem. The choice model parameters were calibrated such that the entropy of the simulated route loads was optimized with reference to the observed route loads, and validated with individual choices. A Parallel Genetic Algorithm engine was used for the parameter calibration process. The modelled route loads, based on the calibrated parameters, greatly approximate the distribution underlying the observed loads. 75% of the exact sequence of transfer point choices were correctly predicted by the off-stop/on-stop choice mechanism. The model predictability of the exact sequence of route transfers was about 60%. In this application, transit passengers were assumed to plan their transit trip based on their experience with the transportation network; with no prior (or perfect) knowledge of service performance.     

Simulating the impacts of household travel on greenhouse gas emissions,urban air quality,and population exposure

This paper establishes a link between an activity-based model for the Greater Toronto Area (GTA), dynamic traffic assignment, emission modelling, and air quality simulation. This provides agent-based output that allows vehicle emissions to be tracked back to individuals and households who are producing them. In addition, roadway emissions are dispersed and the resulting ambient air concentrations are linked with individual time-activity patterns in order to assess population exposure to air pollution. This framework is applied to evaluate the effects of a range of policy interventions and 2031 scenarios on the generation of vehicle emissions and greenhouse gases in the GTA. Results show that the predicted increase of approximately 2.6 million people and 1.3 million jobs in the region by 2031 compared to 2001 levels poses a major challenge in achieving meaningful reductions in GHGs and air pollution.     

Analysis of the environmental benefits of a motorcycle idling stop policy at urban intersections

In an attempt to reduce CO₂ emissions from motorized transport, the Taiwanese government introduced an idling stop policy for vehicles in early 2007. This paper seeks to quantify the environmental benefits of the policy based on a stated preference analysis. Motorcyclists were surveyed at urban intersections in Taiwan, to identify the amount of time they would be willing to turn off their engines while waiting at traffic lights (the WTO). A contingent valuation framework based on stated preference questions was designed to determine the WTO. Results obtained from the Spike model showed that the average motorcyclist’s WTO is 82 s. In another analysis, in which other variables were taken into consideration, such as the possibility that the policy will be enacted as legislation, the expected WTO increased to 101 s. In both cases, an idling stop policy would have positive environmental effects, reducing gasoline usage by 1021 L per hour and reducing CO₂ emissions by 0.56 metric tons per hour at the intersection studied during peak periods.     

Discretionary activity location choice: in-home or out-of-home?

This paper examines the location choice associated with discretionary activities (in-home vs. out-of-home). These substitution patterns are important in terms of travel demand as in-home activities do not necessitate travel while out-of-home activities incur travel. Mixed logit models are estimated using an activity dataset (2003 CHASE data) to analyze the factors associated with this choice at the individual activity-level. Results suggest that the attributes of an activity significantly contribute to understanding the likelihood of engaging in out-of-home activities. Activity type interaction terms reveal the varying influence that socio-demographics, activity attributes and travel have over four different activity types modeled. The results reveal that the location choice (in-home vs. out-of-home) is sensitive to travel characteristics. As the travel time and cost increases, an individual is less likely to engage in an activity out-of-home. Compared to passive and social activities, the location of active activities is more sensitive to changes in travel attributes.     

Analysis of cost estimation disclosure in environmental impact statements for surface transportation projects

Reliability in cost estimates in publicly funded projects is more important today than ever with increased governmental funding to infrastructure projects and associated accountability requirements, but surface transportation projects, large and small, in the United States have a legacy of cost overruns. The problems with these overruns start with the cost estimation process before projects begin. Studies have shown that early cost estimations reflect best-case scenarios rather than realistic expectations, and have attributed technical, economic, psychological, and political reasons for underestimation. The primary objectives of this research were to determine how costs have been presented and updated in environmental impact statements, to identify endemic technical problems with cost estimation during the environmental review of surface transportation projects, and to develop recommendations for improving cost estimation and disclosure. Cost estimation methods were analyzed from the documents of 100 projects, including draft environmental impact statements, final environmental impact statements, and records of decision. The study concluded that the lack of guidance on how to include cost estimation in environmental review revealed itself in the level of detail and attention given to estimating costs. Agencies omitted or included various aspects of cost estimation randomly. Professional organizations should fill the gap of the need for specific guidance to cost estimation for environmental review so it can evolve as a state of the practice.     

Managing passenger behavioral intention: an integrated framework for service quality,satisfaction, perceived value,and switching barriers

This paper seeks to improve our understanding of passengers’ behavioral intention by proposing an integrated framework from the attitudinal perspective. According to the literature in marketing research, we establish a causal relationship model that considers “service quality-satisfaction-behavioral intentions” paradigm, perceived value theory, and switching barrier theory. Exploring passengers’ behavioral intention from satisfaction and perceived value help to understand how passengers are attracted by the company, while switching barriers assist in realizing how passengers are “locked” into a relationship with the current company. Furthermore, in order to capture the nature of service quality, we adopt a hierarchical factor structure which serves service quality as the higher-order factor. In this study, coach industry is selected as our research subject. The empirical results, as hypothesized, show that all causal relationships are statistically significant, and perceived value us the most important predictor of satisfaction and passengers’ behavioral intention. In conclusion, the managerial implications and suggestions for future research are discussed.     

800kV组合电器用万向力平衡补偿器

高压输变电设备是电力工业的技术基础,而研制结构和性能优异的800kV组合电器用补偿器又是实现高压输变电设备国产化的关键.文中主要针对800kV封闭式组合电器用补偿器进行探讨,设计了万向力平衡式波纹补偿器.它是一种新型的压力平衡型补偿器,它不仅能同时进行轴向和径向补偿,而且能很好地降低补偿器的轴向推力.尤其是当既有轴向又...     

基于多分辨率分析的区间类型2模糊系统

为了更有效地表达和处理系统的不确定性,提出了基于多分辨率分析的区间类型2(简称多分辨率区间类型2)模糊系统,构造了多分辨率区间类型2隶属度函数,并给出了基于尺度函数分解的结构和参数学习算法.多分辨率区间类型2模糊系统的前件是多分辨率隶属度函数,后件是输入的线性函数,因此系统可以自适应地划分输入论域空间,优化系统结构.将多分辨率区间类型2模糊系统应用于带有噪声的时间序列预测,预测结果的复杂度较小,均方根误差为0.105 2.     

泥砂岩隧道明暗交接处大管棚支护技术

以某高速公路隧道为工程背景,探讨IV级泥砂岩为主的地质情况下的洞口安全施工方案,介绍大管棚设计参数,论述明暗交接处的大管棚支护技术,最后就施工控制要点和安全注意事项进行分析,可为类似工程提供参考。