柴油出租车燃油经济性试验研究

为研究柴油出租车的燃油经济性,针对某柴油出租车制定了燃油消耗量试验方案并进行了道路试验.试验结果表明,在实际运营条件下,该柴油出租车平均百公里油耗为7.71 L/100 km.与相同排量汽油出租车相比,该柴油出租车平均每年每辆车可节省燃油4 649.78 L,节省燃油费用36 148.66元,分别节省29.52％和30.84％,节油效果显著.     

浅谈基坑工程技术的发展现状

从基坑工程常规的技术方法谈起,讨论了近年在基坑工程实践中所应用的施工技术和监测技术,阐述了基坑工程技术的发展现状。     

The ambivalence of ridesharing

Ridesharing is quite a popular topic of discussion among transport authority personnel. It is perceived to be a viable alternative to classical modes of transportation, and receives a great deal of political support from transport planners. However, not much objective information is available on ridesharing behaviors. We use travel survey data to study the evolution of the ridesharing market in an urban area. Our study is based on data from four large-scale OD surveys conducted in the Greater Montreal Area (1987, 1993, 1998 and 2003). In the latest survey conducted in Montreal, car passengers were asked to identify the driver who gave them the opportunity to travel in this way. Their answers were classified according to the type of driver; for instance, a member of their household, a neighbor or a co-worker. We use this information to calibrate a model matching car passengers and car drivers belonging to the same household. This will be referred to as IHHR (intra-household ridesharing). Preliminary results reveal that approximately 70% of all trips made by car passengers are the result of IHHR. Furthermore, around 15% of those trips are questionable, in that they were exclusively generated for another individual’s purposes, consequently generating an additional trip for the journey back home. Moreover, this percentage increased over time. Objective data regarding ridesharing and its evolution in an urban area will undoubtedly help decision makers gain a clearer profile of this means of travel and help to realign attitudes on the issue.

The role of paratransit: some reflections based on the experience of residents’ coach services in Hong Kong

Paratransit refers to urban transport services “somewhere between private passenger transport and conventional public transport in terms of cost and quality of service” [Rimmer (1980), Paratransit: A commentary. Environ. Plan. A 12, 937–944]. Since the 1980s, a new form of paratransit—residents’ coach, which provides exclusive transport services to residents living in private housing estates—has emerged in Hong Kong. What was the background underlying the emergence and subsequent growth of residents’ coach services? Also, what was the role of residents’ coach in the public transport system of Hong Kong? With the completion of more railway extensions, should residents’ coach services be replaced? If so, what are the potential impacts on people’s life? This paper addresses the above research questions through a large-scale questionnaire survey that examined not only people’s modal choice but also their residential choice, socio-economic background and attitudes. The findings suggest that transport policy makers should pay more attention to examine new forms of paratransit and the ways of integrating them into the overall public transport system, both spatially and temporally. It is only through the development of an efficient and multi-modal transport system can the maximum potential of paratransit in filling the transport gap between conventional mass transit and private cars be realized.     

特重车通过大跨石拱桥计算模型对比分析及试验验证

在对一重达376.7 t的特重车能否安全通过一主跨40 m的既有石拱桥进行安全评定时,针对石拱桥建立了两种实体分析模型:一为不考虑拱上填料、侧墙影响仅考虑拱上建筑与主拱联合作用的实体模型一;另一为考虑拱上填料、侧墙与主拱联合作用的较符合实桥实际情况的实体模型二.通过两种实体模型下的特重车过桥安全验算发现,采用计算模型二所有断面抗力均满足要求,而模型一的拱脚断面抗力不满足要求.在对比模型一、二在特重车下作用的挠度、应力结果后发现拱上填料、侧墙对结构的纵向空间整体工作性能影响较大.不考虑填料与侧墙的实体模型一相对于模型二的纵向刚度联系较弱,在荷载作用下的局部效应明显,从而揭示了实体模型一拱脚截面抗力效应不能满足规范要求的原因.通过荷载试验验证了采用实体模型二与实桥实际情况较为接近,而采用实体模型一的验算结果偏于保守.     

隧道火灾作用下水泥路面瞬态温度场计算方法

隧道发生火灾时水泥路面板内升温迅速,温度梯度较大,采用数值方法求解路面热传导偏微分方程易导致数值解振荡、计算结果失真,且过程繁琐.根据火灾下水泥混凝土热工参数变化规律及傅里叶余弦变换,推导了隧道火灾下路面内温度场的理论计算公式,并与通用有限元软件计算结果进行了比较.结果表明,推导公式可用于计算连续时间内路面板不同位置的温度分布,较好解决了数值方法求解路面瞬态温度场时数值解振荡、不连续的问题,提高了计算精度,且路面内温度场变化规律呈明显的抛物线型态势,与一维热传导微分方程的物理意义吻合较好.因此,推导公式求解火灾下路面结构瞬态温度场具有更好的适用性.     

公交运行服务质量评价指标体系探讨

为了从服务学的视角准确考量公交系统运行服务的质量,本文基于交通调查和系统采集数据,通过统计分析解析了公交系统运行服务的过程和出行者出行的内在特性;基于对出行策略的定义,分析了出行者出行对时间、成本与体能消耗三方面的预算对其出行决策的影响;探讨了公交运行服务质量评价的系统边界,以价值、能耗与信息为基本维度,提出了评价公交运行服务质量的三维体系架构;最后分析提出三大预算对于从公交出行生理因素和心理过程两个基础层面揭示出行行为机理,是从乘客对服务感知视角对公交运行服务质量进行评价的更为客观有效的手段.     

Experimental study of lightweight expanded polystyrene aggregate concrete containing silica fume and polypropylene fibers

We developed a new structural lightweight concrete by totally or partially replacing coarse and fine aggregates in high performance concrete by expanded polystyrene (EPS) beads. In this work,the sizes of EPS bead were 1.0,2.5 and 6.3 mm. Lightweight EPS concretes with a wide range of concrete densities and compressive strengths were successfully developed. Compressive strength,splitting tensile strength,shrinkage,and water absorption were examined. Additionally,fine silica fume (SF) and polypropylene (PP) f...     

Mesh motion approach based on spring analogy method for unstructured meshes

Mesh motion strategy is one of the key points in many fluid-structure interaction problems. One popular technique used to solve this problem is known as the spring analogy method. In this paper a new mesh update approach based on the spring analogy method is presented for the effective treatment of mesh moving boundary problems. The proposed mesh update technique is developed to avoid the generation of squashed invalid elements and maintain mesh quality by considering each element shape and grid scale to th...     

Improved algorithm for distributed localization in wireless sensor networks

Many sensor network applications require location awareness,but it is often too expensive to equip a global positioning system(GPS) receiver for each network node.Hence,localization schemes for sensor networks typically use a small number of seed nodes that know their locations and protocols whereby other nodes estimate their locations from the messages they receive.For the inherent shortcomings of general particle filter(the sequential Monte Carlo method) this paper introduces particle swarm optimization a...