A time-use activity-pattern recognition model for activity-based travel demand modeling

This study develops a new comprehensive pattern recognition modeling framework that leverages activity data to derive clusters of homogeneous daily activity patterns, for use in activity-based travel demand modeling. The pattern recognition model is applied to time use data from the large Halifax STAR household travel diary survey. Several machine learning techniques not previously employed in travel behavior analysis are used within the pattern recognition modeling framework. Pattern complexity of activity sequences in the dataset was recognized using the FCM algorithm, and resulted in identification of twelve unique clusters of homogeneous daily activity patterns. We then analysed inter-dependencies in each identified cluster and characterized the cluster memberships through their socio-demographic attributes using the CART classifier. Based on the socio-demographic characteristics of individuals we were able to correctly identify which cluster individuals belonged to, and also predict various information related to their activities, such as start time, duration, travel distance, and travel mode, for use in activity-based travel demand modeling. To execute the pattern recognition model, the 24-h activity patterns are split into 288 three dimensional 5 min intervals. Each interval includes information on activity types, duration, start time, location, and travel mode if applicable. Results from aggregated statistical evaluation and Kolmogorov–Smirnov tests indicate that there is heterogeneous diversity among identified clusters in terms of temporal distribution, and substantial differences in a variety of socio-demographic variables. The homogeneous clusters identified in this study may be used to more accurately predict the scheduling behavior of specific population groups in activity-based modeling, and hence to improve prediction of the times and locations of their travel demands. Finally, the results of this study are expected to be implemented within the activity-based travel demand model, Scheduler for Activities, Locations, and Travel (SALT).

     

基于数码摄影技术的隧道围岩变形非接触量测方法研究

基于数码摄影技术的隧道围岩变形非接触量测法是一种与传统测量完全不同的新方法,具有设备简单、不干扰施工、自动化程度高等特点,能更好地满足现在长大隧道各种技术要求。文章对数码摄影测量技术原理及其实现过程进行了比较全面的研究,并对现场试验获取的测量数据加以分析,得到了较好的结论。该方法为地下工程量测技术开辟了一条新的途径。     

A frequency-based maritime container assignment model

This paper transfers the classic frequency-based transit assignment method of Spiess and Florian to containers demonstrating its promise as the basis for a global maritime container assignment model. In this model, containers are carried by shipping lines operating strings (or port rotations) with given service frequencies. An origin–destination matrix of full containers is assigned to these strings to minimize sailing time plus container dwell time at the origin port and any intermediate transhipment ports. This necessitated two significant model extensions. The first involves the repositioning of empty containers so that a net outflow of full containers from any port is balanced by a net inflow of empty containers, and vice versa. As with full containers, empty containers are repositioned to minimize the sum of sailing and dwell time, with a facility to discount the dwell time of empty containers in recognition of the absence of inventory. The second involves the inclusion of an upper limit to the maximum number of container moves per unit time at any port. The dual variable for this constraint provides a shadow price, or surcharge, for loading or unloading a container at a congested port. Insight into the interpretation of the dual variables is given by proposition and proof. Model behaviour is illustrated by a simple numerical example. The paper concludes by considering the next steps toward realising a container assignment model that can, amongst other things, support the assessment of supply chain vulnerability to maritime disruptions.     

预切槽技术及其应用中的关键技术问题

随着我国隧道建设的大发展,面临的复杂地质和环境问题以及劳动力紧张问题也越来越突出。预切槽法是一种独特的施工技术,是介于浅埋暗挖法和盾构法之间的一种方法,它和浅埋暗挖法配合可以形成复杂地质和地面环境下的新型隧道施工技术。采用此法可大大提高施工的机械化水平,同时可有效地控制地表沉降。文章论述了预切槽工法的机械组成、控制地层变形的基本原理以及应用中的关键技术问题,相信这种工法必将以其良好的控制地层变形能力和灵活性重新得到重视。     

基岩完整隧道衬砌环向裂缝成因分析及其防治措施

文章通过向莆铁路线七座完整基岩隧道二次衬砌环向裂缝的统计,对隧道衬砌开裂的原因进行了综合分析,阐述了混凝土结构裂缝的危害大小程度,以及设计及施工管理过程中对衬砌裂缝的控制途径,并对此提出了相应的处理措施和建议.     

A shockwave profile model for traffic flow on congested urban arterials

In this paper a new traffic flow model for congested arterial networks, named shockwave profile model (SPM), is presented. Taking advantage of the fact that traffic states within a congested link can be simplified as free-flow, saturated, and jammed conditions, SPM simulates traffic dynamics by analytically deriving the trajectories of four major shockwaves: queuing, discharge, departure, and compression waves. Unlike conventional macroscopic models, in which space is often discretized into small cells for numerical solutions, SPM treats each homogeneous road segment with constant capacity as a section; and the queuing dynamics within each section are described by tracing the shockwave fronts. SPM is particularly suitable for simulating traffic flow on congested signalized arterials especially with queue spillover problems, where the steady-state periodic pattern of queue build-up and dissipation process may break down. Depending on when and where spillover occurs along a signalized arterial, a large number of queuing patterns may be possible. Therefore it becomes difficult to apply the conventional approach directly to track shockwave fronts. To overcome this difficulty, a novel approach is proposed as part of the SPM, in which queue spillover is treated as either extending a red phase or creating new smaller cycles, so that the analytical solutions for tracing the shockwave fronts can be easily applied. Since only the essential features of arterial traffic flow, i.e., queue build-up and dissipation, are considered, SPM significantly reduces the computational load and improves the numerical efficiency. We further validated SPM using real-world traffic signal data collected from a major arterial in the Twin Cities. The results clearly demonstrate the effectiveness and accuracy of the model. We expect that in the future this model can be applied in a number of real-time applications such as arterial performance prediction and signal optimization.     

吉隆坡地铁A标段盾构土舱压力的计算与分析

文章以吉隆坡新捷运工程地下北段A标工程为例,基于Horn的三维楔形体破坏理论,采用极限平衡分析法,推导出了在土压及全水头压力作用下满舱土、半舱土、无土三种状态下土舱压力的计算方法,并采用整体分析与局部分析相结合的方法进行了验证。从计算结果可以看出,影响土舱压力的因素主要有水位高度、覆土厚度、粘聚力、覆土及掌子面处的内摩擦角,并对这五个因素进行了敏感性分析。通过运用该方法计算的土舱压力进行掘进并对现场监控量测数据进行分析,地表沉降均满足相关设计要求。     

沉管隧道预制管节顶推滑移系统摩擦试验研究

为了针对某大型沉管隧道预制管节的顶推滑移系统选择合适的摩擦面材料,文章对该顶推滑移系统的四组拟采用摩擦面材料(不锈钢板-PTFE、不锈钢板-NGE、普通钢板-PTFE、普通钢板-NGE)进行了静、动态摩擦系数测试。利用20 000 k N压剪试验机、采用双剪法进行了模拟测试试验。试验结果表明:(1)四组被测试摩擦面的摩擦系数中,不锈钢板与PTFE板的最小,普通钢板与PTFE板的最大;(2)锂基润滑油和水对减小不锈钢板与PTFE板之间的静、动摩擦系数效果都十分明显,但锂基润滑油对摩擦系数的减小效果会随着油层被挤压变薄而逐渐减弱。该试验结果为该顶推滑移系统的摩擦面材料选择以及摩擦面润滑处理措施提供了重要参考依据。     

Modeling the interactions between car and bicycle in heterogeneous traffic

In this paper, a new cellular automata model is proposed to simulate the car and bicycle heterogeneous traffic on urban road. To capture the complex interactions between these two types of vehicles, a novel occupancy rule is adopted in the proposed model to consider the variable lateral distances of mixed vehicular traffic. Based on massive simulations, microscopic fundamental diagrams under different bicycle densities are devised. With these, the bicycle's spilling behavior is then investigated and discussed. In order to reflect the interference of a bicycle on a car, the interference transformation from friction state to block state is modeled explicitly. Finally, different simulation results under different occupancy rules indicate that the constant and fixed occupancy rule adopted in the previous studies might lead to overestimation of car flux in the heterogeneous traffic flows with different bicycle densities. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

海底盾构隧道孤石爆破预处理关键技术

文章针对基于孤石形状、分布位置的随机性及其高强度,盾构机无法直接掘进通过这一工程难题,在前期物探及钻孔验证的基础上,对钻孔参数和爆破方案设计进行了分析;通过采用对临近隧洞爆破震动跟踪监测和爆破后炮孔取芯验证的方法,总结出了一套针对海底盾构区间孤石爆破预处理的施工方法.