Static and Dynamic Stability of a Class of Three-Axle Railway Vehicles Possessing Perfect Steering

For railway vehicles having coned wheels mounted on solid axles there is, in general, a conflict between stability of lateral deviations from the motion along the track and ability to steer round curves. However, the three-axle vehicle with zero bending stiffness and with shear elasticity between all wheelsets can satisfy the requirement of perfect steering and for a range of values of equivalent conicity possesses both static and dynamic stability. The static and dynamic stability of the most general form of symmetric three-axle vehicle is investigated, and stability criteria derived.     

Theoretical Analysis of the Steering Behaviour of Articulated Frame Steer Vehicles

A theoretical analysis of the steering behaviour of articulated frame steer vehicles is presented. It includes details of the hydraulic steering system as well as the equations governing motion of the front and rear body units. Both oscillatory and exponential instabilities can occur with this type of vehicle. The most sensitive design feature is the steering system, which governs the effective torsional stiffness around the pivot. Other important features which influence stability are speed and centre of gravity positions of the bodies.     

后桥钢板激光-MIG复合焊接优化研究

研究了两种后桥桥壳用低合金钢板在激光-MIG复合焊接中,接头形状、接头间隙及MIG参数变化(大、中、小MIG参数)对焊缝形状及焊缝喉厚的影响.研究结果表明,MIG参数应设置成大、中MIG参数水平,以保证在一定的接头间隙下有充足的焊接材料填入间隙而形成部分焊透的焊缝,使焊缝喉厚满足焊接强度要求;过高的MIG输入能量和过多的焊料(丝)填入将导致焊缝横截面积增大,但对焊缝喉厚的影响不是很明显;当MIG参数设置成小MIG参数水平时,0.5 mm的接头间隙或切角面为3 mm×2 mm时,对获得较大的焊缝喉厚有利.     

Spatial and Temporal Variability in Shipping Traffic Off San Francisco,California

Shipping traffic poses a worldwide threat to many large whale species. Spatially explicit risk assessments are increasingly being used as a tool to minimize ship-strike risk. These assessments often use static representations of shipping patterns. We used Automatic Identification System data to quantify variability in cargo shipping traffic entering and exiting San Francisco Bay, which contains some of the busiest ports in the United States, at three temporal resolutions: (1) before and after implementation of the California Air Resources Board's Ocean-Going Vessels Fuel Rule, (2) among seasons, and (3) day versus night. We used the nonparametric Mood's Median test to compare median daily distance traveled because the data were not normally distributed and the variance was not homogeneous. Our analyses show that shipping traffic off San Francisco is dynamic at both interannual and daily temporal resolutions, but that traffic was fairly consistent among the seasons considered. Our analyses emphasize the importance of economic and regulatory drivers on interannual shipping traffic patterns. Shipping traffic is expected to continue to change off the U.S. West Coast and to increase globally. These changes in shipping traffic could have implications for the risk of ships striking whales and should be included in risk assessments.     

电动汽车驱动控制的PWM新技术

文章介绍了电动汽车交流驱动中采用确定脉宽调制(DPWM)技术和随机脉宽调制(RPWM)技术的比较研究结果.RPWM方法替代DPWM方法,采用Avant!公司先进的仿真软件SABER,其重点是降低电磁干扰(EMI).为了评估PWM技术对驱动性能的影响,同时对驱动效率,转矩脉动和电流控制系统动态响应进行了研究.文中考虑了逆变器开关频率随机变化定义的2种RPWM技术:一种技术是调制器的取样频率与开关频率同步变化;另一种技术是取样频率固定且等于平均开关频率.研究表明:在驱动性能几乎不受影响的同时,RPWM技术降低EMI的良好潜力,可使EMI下降10dB或更多.     

Ship underwater noise assessment by the Acoustic Analogy part II: hydroacoustic analysis of a ship scaled model

In this paper the Acoustic Analogy is used to predict the underwater noise from a complete scaled ship model in a steady course. The numerical investigation is performed by coupling an incompressible RANS code, equipped with a level-set approach to account for the fundamental time evolution of the free surface, to a FWH-based hydroacoustic solver, here suitably designed to manage the huge set of data coming from a full-unsteady hydrodynamic simulation. The results reveal the overall limited contribution from the propeller thickness and loading noise components and the fundamental one from the nonlinear quadrupole sources. The comparison between the hydrodynamic and hydroacoustic solutions point out the noticeable scattering effects due to the hull surface, the possible influence of sound refractions at the free surface and, above all, the leading role played by the turbulent fluctuating component of the velocity field. Finally, by computing the pressure time histories at a prescribed set of virtual hydrophones and turning them into the frequency domain, the ship noise footprint in dB is traced out, thus showing how the Acoustic Analogy can be effectively used to analyze the ship hydroacoustic behavior, both in terms of amplitude and directivity.     

软基处理新方法--IFCO强制固结法及其固结度求解

针对IFCO强制固结法，基于对砂墙地基应力状态的分析，建立其固结度的解答方法。在此基础上，探讨砂墙的涂抹作用和土体的双向渗流对地基固结效果的影响，以期对工程实践有指导意义。     

The female antennules of Paracyclops (Cyclopoida: Cyclopidae): their significance for systematics

The setation patterns of female antennules of some Paracyclops species are analysed with reference to the hypothetical 28-segmented antennule of ancestral copepod proposed by Huys and Boxshall in 1991. Comparison between Paracyclops species has revealed a setation pattern common to all species thus far examined. Several modifications of the female antennules have been identified as apomorphic states and can be used in phylogenetic studies. P. waiariki has 12-segmented antennules and exhibits more plesiomorphic characters than the reduced 8-segmented antennules of other species, such as P. fimbriatus. The results confirm that simple segment numbers are unusable as characters in cladistic analysis. Both P. affinis and P. yeatmani, for example, have 11-segmented antennules but analysis of segmental homologies has revealed that the 11-segmented state is convergent in these two species.     

Spatial and temporal variability of size-fractionated biomass and primary production in the Ross Sea (Antarctica) during austral spring and summer

The results of a study on the spatial and temporal dynamics of size-fractionated biomass and production of phytoplankton in the Ross Sea during the austral spring and summer are reported. The spring cruise took place in the offshore Ross Sea from 14 November to 14 December 1994. Sampling was carried out on a transect of 27 stations distributed from 76.5 to 72.0°S along 175°E, and covered the three main Antarctic environments of the polynya open waters, the marginal ice zone and the pack ice area. Three subsystems were identified. The subsystem of the polynya was characterised by the predominance of the micro- and nano-planktonic fractions, chlorophyll (Chl a) concentrations from 69.6 to 164.7 mg m⁻² and production rates from 0.68 to 1.14 g C m⁻² day⁻¹. The second subsystem, the marginal ice zone, showed a relative increase of the micro-planktonic fraction, high biomass levels (from 99.64 to 220 mg Chl m⁻²) and production rates from 0.99 to 2.7 g C m⁻² day⁻¹. The subsystem of the pack ice area had a phytoplankton community dominated by the pico-planktonic fraction and showed low biomasses (from 19.4 to 37.7 mg Chl m⁻²) and production rates (0.28 to 0.60 g C m⁻² day⁻¹). Selective grazing by krill is considered an important factor in determining the size structure of the phytoplankton communities. The summer study consisted of a time series carried out in inshore waters of Terra Nova Bay from 12 January to 8 February 1990. In a well stabilised water column and with high levels of PAR always available, the primary production rates of a community dominated by micro-plankton varied from 0.52 to 1.2 g C m⁻² day⁻¹ (average 0.84). A high P/B ratio, up to 3, and a remarkably elevated mean phaeopigment (Phaeo)/Chl a ratio of 2.4 indicated an active removal of biomass by grazing, confirmed by the presence of faecal pellets in quantities reaching 6000 m⁻³ in the upper 50 m. The peculiarities of the inshore versus offshore environments in terms of community size structure, production processes and their implications as regards the food web are discussed.