One city,three models: comparison of land‐use/transport policy simulation models for Dortmund

The paper reports on simulation experiments conducted by the International Study Group on Land‐Use/Transport Interaction (ISGLUTI) for the metropolitan region of Dortmund in the Federal Republic of Germany. Three land‐use/transport simulation models were applied to the Dortmund region: the DORTMUND model developed at the University of Dortmund, the LILT model being used at University College London and the MEPLAN package developed by Marcial Echenique & Partners in Cambridge. The three models are briefly characterized and their ex‐post forecasts are compared with the actual development of the region. The final section of the paper compares how the three models respond to a common set of assumptions and policies from the fields of land‐use control, traffic management and transport investment. The differences in model response give insights into the validity of the theoretical foundations and internal structure of the models.     

Traffic assignment by trip type using volume restraint and link restraint for application in small urban areas

This research involved the development of a new traffic assignment model consisting of a set of procedures for an urbanized area with a population of 172,000. Historical, social, and economic data were used as input to conventional trip generation and trip distribution models to produce a trip table for network assignment. This fixed table was divided into three trip types: external-external trips, external-internal trips, and internal-internal trips. The methodology used to develop the new traffic assignment model assigned each of the trip types by varying the diversion of trips from the minimum path. External-external trips were assigned on a minimum path routing and external-internal trips were assigned with a slight diversion from the minimum path. Internal-internal trips were assigned with more diversion than external-internal trips and adjusted by utilizing iterative volume restraint and incremental link restraint. A statistical analysis indicated that assigning trips by trip types using trip diversion and volume and link restraint produces a significant improvement in the accuracy of the assigned traffic volumes.     

轿车与6岁儿童行人不同方位碰撞中下肢损伤分析

Euro NCAP发布的行人模型认证技术公告TB024的最新版本对6岁儿童行人模型认证提出了单独要求,旨在加强对儿童行人的保护.本研究应用符合Euro NCAP技术公告(TB024)规定并且具有详细解剖学结构的6岁儿童行人有限元模型,设置了4组不同方位行人-汽车碰撞仿真试验,以探究不同碰撞方位下的儿童下肢损伤机理.结果...     

Fuzzy-logic applied to yaw moment control for vehicle stability

In this paper, we propose a new yaw moment control based on fuzzy logic to improve vehicle handling and stability. The advantages of fuzzy methods are their simplicity and their good performance in controlling non-linear systems. The developed controller generates the suitable yaw moment which is obtained from the difference of the brake forces between the front wheels so that the vehicle follows the target values of the yaw rate and the sideslip angle. The simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed control method when the vehicle is subjected to different cornering steering manoeuvres such as change line and J-turn under different driving conditions (dry road and snow-covered).     

Dynamics of the railway track and the underlying soil: the boundary-element solution, theoretical results and their experimental verification

A combined finite-element boundary-element method is presented in detail to calculate the dynamic interaction of the railway track and the underlying soil. A number of results are shown for ballasted and slab track, demonstrating the influence of the stiffness of the soil and the rail pads on the vertical compliance of the track. The compliance of the track is combined with a simple model of the vehicle giving the transfer function of vehicle-track interaction. An experimental verification of the theoretical results is achieved by harmonic and impulse excitation with and without static (train-) load and by combined measurements of train-track-soil interaction. A clear vehicle-track resonance is found for the slab track with elastic rail pads and for higher frequencies at highspeed traffic, the dynamic axle loads due to sleeper passage are reduced.     

桥墩防落石碰撞柔性设计方法及分析

基于动力学基本原理,从非线性、接触以及本构关系计算理论建立落石-桥墩防撞物柔性碰撞精细化计算模型,并对关键计算参数给出建议取值.利用钢结构柔性变形吸收落石碰撞能量,提出一种桥墩防落石碰撞柔性设计方法,并详细给出该防落石碰撞构造措施的结构组成形式.利用ANSYS/LS-DYNA动力分析计算程序,考虑几何、材料双重非线性,精细化数值仿真计算落石撞击防撞物的动态全过程,以一个偏安全的极限碰撞状态,分别从运动行为(撞击力、位移、速度、加速度)以及能量转换(系统动能、系统变形能)角度进行计算结果与数据分析,证明所提出的柔性防撞设计思路以及防撞措施的合理性与优越性.     

Distributed support modelling for vertical track dynamic analysis

The finite length nature of rail-pad supports is characterised by a Timoshenko beam element formulation over an elastic foundation, giving rise to the distributed support element. The new element is integrated into a vertical track model, which is solved in frequency and time domain. The developed formulation is obtained by solving the governing equations of a Timoshenko beam for this particular case. The interaction between sleeper and rail via the elastic connection is considered in an analytical, compact and efficient way. The modelling technique results in realistic amplitudes of the ‘pinned–pinned’ vibration mode and, additionally, it leads to a smooth evolution of the contact force temporal response and to reduced amplitudes of the rail vertical oscillation, as compared to the results from concentrated support models. Simulations are performed for both parametric and sinusoidal roughness excitation. The model of support proposed here is compared with a previous finite length model developed by other authors, coming to the conclusion that the proposed model gives accurate results at a reduced computational cost.     

浅谈工程设计对公路建设投资的影响和相应对策

通过工程设计对公路建设投资影响的分析,阐明了工程设计是影响建设投资的主要因素之一,并通过实例证明了合理选择设计方案和采用技术标准等办法是控制投资的一条有效途径,而合理选择设计方案和技术标准又受到各种因素的影响和限制,对影响合理选择设计方案的原因进行了具体分析,并就此提出了几点相应对策,供同行们参考.     

彩色多普勒超声在动态监测移植肝及其并发症中的应用

目的探讨彩色多普勒超声在动态监测肝移植术后血流动力学变化及并发症诊治中的应用价值。方法回顾我中心107例原位肝移植术后应用彩色多普勒超声资料,汇总后行统计学分析。结果肝移植术后早期门脉流速较正常对照组升高,而肝动脉流速降低,后逐渐恢复正常。107例中发现肝动脉血栓形成2例(1.87%),肝动脉狭窄5例(4.67%),门脉血栓形成3例(2.80%),肿瘤复发7例(6.54%),诊断为急性排斥反应18例次(16.82%),慢性排斥反应10例次(9.34%),胸腔积液105例(98.13%),腹腔积液65例(60.74%),假性动脉瘤1例,胰漏1例,胆道感染4例(3.74%),胆道狭窄4例(3.74%),胆漏5例(4.67%),胆总管结石1例。结论彩色多普勒超声在动态监测肝移植术后血流动力学变化及并发症诊治中具有重要的临床意义。     

银杏叶提取物防治肝纤维化的实验研究

目的　探讨银杏叶提取物 (EGb)对慢性肝炎的防治作用及其机制。方法　SD大鼠随机分为正常组、模型组、EGb防治组和秋水仙碱组。用四氯化碳皮下注射法建立慢性肝损伤模型 ,分别用生理盐水或药物灌胃治疗。对比观察EGb对慢性肝损伤大鼠肝纤维化和脂质过氧化指标的影响 ,结合肝病理组织学及肝组织内Ⅰ、Ⅲ型胶原表达的变化加以探讨。结果　EGb防治组大鼠肝组织中PCⅢ、透明质酸、层黏连蛋白和CⅣ型胶原含量明显降低 ,血中过氧化物歧化酶、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性明显升高 ,丙二醛含量明显降低 ,与模型组比较差异均有显著性意义 (P <0 .0 5或P <0 .0 1) ;形态学观察 ,EGb防治组大鼠肝组织损伤明显轻于模型对照组和秋水仙碱对照组 :HE染色显示肝组织炎症损伤减轻 ,VG染色显示肝组织纤维化程度明显减低 ,免疫组化染色显示肝组织中Ⅰ、Ⅲ型胶原表达明显减少。结论　EGb具有抑制脂质过氧化损伤 ,防治大鼠实验性肝纤维化的作用。