Children’s travel to school: satisfaction,current mood,and cognitive performance

We investigate whether travel mode, travel time, and activities during travel influence children’s satisfaction with their travel to school, their current mood, and their cognitive performance after arriving at school. A sample of 344 children (165 girls) between the ages of 10 and 15 years were recruited at five public schools in Värmland County, Sweden. Directly after arriving at school, the children rated how they felt on two scales ranging from very sad to very happy and from very tired to very alert, filled out the Satisfaction with Travel Scale adapted for children (STS-C), reported details about their journeys, and took a word-fluency test. The results for STS-C showed that traveling by school bus and walking or cycling was experienced as having a higher quality than traveling by car. Children who engaged in conversation during their journeys reported a higher quality and more positive feelings than children who were engaged in solitary activities during their journeys. A shorter journey was experienced as having a higher quality and resulting in more positive feelings. Children traveling for longer durations performed better in the word-fluency test if using their smartphones or doing a combination of activities during their journeys.     

Experiments on the survival of six brackish macro-invertebrates from the Baltic Sea after dredged spoil coverage and its implications for the field

Physical disturbance by disposal of dredged materials in estuarine and coastal waters may result in burial of benthic fauna. Survival rates depend on a variety of factors including the type and amount of disposed materials and the lifestyle of the organisms. Laboratory burial experiments using six common macrobenthic invertebrates from a brackish habitat of the western Baltic Sea were performed to test the organisms' escape reaction to dredged material disposal. Experimental lab-results were then extrapolated to a field situation with corresponding bottom topography and covering layer thicknesses at experimental field disposal study sites. Resulted survival rates were then verified by comparison with results of an earlier field study at the same disposal sites.Our experimental design in the lab included the disposal of two types of dredged material (i.e. ‘till’ and ‘sand/till mixture’) and two covering layer depths (i.e. 10–20 cm and 14–40 cm). All three bivalves Arctica islandica (Linnaeus), Macoma balthica (Linnaeus), Mya arenaria (Linnaeus) and the polychaete Nephtys hombergii (Savigny) successfully burrowed to the surface of a 32–41 cm deposited sediment layer of till or sand/till mixture and restored contact with the overlying water. These high escape potentials could partly be explained by the heterogeneous texture of the till and sand/till mixture with ‘voids’. The polychaete Bylgides (Harmothoe) sarsi (Malmgren) successfully burrowed through a 16 cm covering layer whereas the polychaete Lagis koreni (Malmgren) showed almost no escaping reaction. No general differences in escape behaviour after burial were detected between our test species from the brackish habitat and those reported in the literature for the same species in marine environments. However, a size-dependence in mobility of motile polychaetes and M. arenaria was apparent within our study. In comparison to a thick coverage, thin covering layers (i.e. 15–16 cm and 20 cm) increased the chance of the organisms (N. hombergii and M. arenaria) to reach the sediment surface after burial. This was not observed for the other test species. While crawling upward to the new sediment surfaces burrowing velocities of up to 8 cm d^− 1 were observed for the bivalves and up to 20 cm d^− 1 for N. hombergii. Between 17 and 79% of the test organisms showed burrowing activity after experimental burial. The survival rate (defined as the ability to regained contact with the sediment surface) ranged from 0 to 33%, depending on species and on burial depth. The organisms reached the sediment surface by burrowing (polychaetes and bivalves) and/or by extending their siphons to the new sediment surface (bivalves). The extrapolation of laboratory survival rates to the two disposal sites was obtained based on the in situ thicknesses of the dredged spoil layers measured by multi-beam echo sounder. This resulted in total average survival rate estimates for the test species of 45 and 43% for the two disposal sites. The results obtained during the laboratory tests and the following extrapolation to the field were verified by the range of results from a previous field study, using grab sampling shortly before and after a disposal event in June 2001. The effect of dredged material disposal on the tested Baltic Sea benthic macrofauna was assessed by extrapolating the verified laboratory results to the field.     

基于成像技术评估粗集料尺寸和形状特征

使用三维成像系统——伊利诺伊大学集料图像分析仪(UIAIA),根据已建立的UIAIA试验方法,由粗集料颗粒图像分别定义出集料基于成像技术的三维形状、尺寸、棱角性和表面构造指数。应用统计学方法,结合图像分析确定了4类常用的粗集料形状特性数据。指出了粗集料基于成像的棱角性和表面构造指数之间存在的确定性关系,并且将它们联系到实验室和现场沥青混合料的使用性能。     

冲击压实技术在水泥混凝土路面修复工程应用

冲击压实技术能够提高地基土或填料的压实度和稳定性的优点,正逐渐应用到旧水泥混凝土路面的修复工程,根据具体的工程实践,总结了冲击压实技术的施工工艺和质量控制关键指标．     

基于SP调查的天津市居民出行行为时间价值

为揭示天津市居民出行行为时间价值的一般规律,采用SP调查中的卡片式面谈调查法,运用市场细分法确定调查规模及抽样率,采用计算包容性检查矩阵等数据处理手段,估算天津市居民出行行为时间价值。比较了出行行为时间价值与单位工作时间价值之间的关系,并分析了不同出行方式、出行目的、出行时段的时间价值,研究了出行收入与时间价值的变化规律。得出现阶段天津市居民出行行为时间价值的分布,表明大部分出行者不愿为出行支付较高费用,但随着收入增加,出行行为时间价值将会快速增长,使个体机动化出行方式的需求增大,城市出行方式结构可能出现拐点。     

Structural changes in logistics: how will port authorities face the challenge?

The market environment in which ports operate has changed dramatically, and this continuous process of change raises questions on the role of port authorities. This paper discusses the impact of some structural changes in international trade, transport and shipping on strategic and operational issues in the framework of port management. The central hypothesis put forward is that a successful port (authority), like a successful actor, must be prepared to constantly adopt new roles in order to cope with the changing market environment. The content and strategic scope of these new roles are highlighted, especially with regard to the European container port system.     

Co-operation and competition in international container transport: strategies for ports

This paper focuses on the response of port authorities to the changing market environment in which they operate. It documents the changes taking place in the relationships between port authorities and terminal management companies and considers the strategic issues faced by these groups and other port interests. In particular, it investigates the potential conflicts of interest for a port authority in matters related to the level of competition amongst terminals within a port and the amount of competition amongst ports.     

排气系统吊钩位置优化分析

排气系统吊钩与车身相连,它的振动对车身的有着明显的激励作用.文章通过有限元方法建立排气系统模态模型,赋予发动机及悬置,橡胶吊耳等参数.基于MSC.Nastran进行模态求解,计算出从0-200Hz模态结果,验证排气系统的模态与怠速频率避频.通过平均驱动自由度位移(ADDOFD)法,找出合理的排气系统各个吊点的布置位置.     

解决正面碰撞布置问题的优化方案

文章针对某左舵车型在正面碰撞开发过程中出现车体加速度较大和局部车身侵入量过大问题进行分析,运用仿真手段进行原因分析,针对车身结构和机舱布置存在的缺陷,提出有效的改进方案.优化后车体加速度和车身侵入量等均得到改善,车体加速度由原来的51.2g降低到39.5g,车身侵入量由78mm减小到40mm.结果表明优化变速器与副车架...     

南寨隧道进口端左洞偏压支护技术应用

隧道进口端隧洞受地质条件和施工技术的影响,易出现偏压现象。以南寨隧道为对象,针对隧道进口端左洞偏压问题设计支护策略,并分析其应用性能。构建含水状态下的隧道岩石蠕变模型,鉴别南寨隧道左洞偏压类型并分析偏压特征,采用三台阶七步开挖施工工序制定进口端左洞偏压支护策略。将此次设计的支护策略应用于南寨隧道施工中,监测数据表明隧道进口端左洞竖直位移量下降、围岩应力和钢拱架应力均有大幅度提升。