Diesel-engined vehicle nitric oxide and soot emissions during the European light-duty driving cycle using a transient mapping approach

An engine mapping-based methodology is developed to gain a first approximation of a vehicle’s performance and emissions during a light-duty cycle. The procedure is based on a steady-state experimental investigation of the engine with an appropriate vehicle drivetrain model applied so that the cycle vehicle speed data can be transformed into engine speed and torque. Correction analysis is then applied based on transient experimentation to account for the transient discrepancies during real driving. The developed algorithm is applied for the case of a diesel-engined vehicle running on the European light-duty cycle. A comparative analysis is performed for each section of the cycle revealing its individual transient characteristics.     

Tractor-Semitrailer Dynamics: Design of the Fifth Wheel*

The nonlinear equations of motion are derived for a tractor-semitrailer truck where both the itractor and the semitrailer yaw, pitch, roll, and translate. Special emphasis is placed on the constraints imposed by the fifth wheel on the vehicle motion. In particular, the effects of two proposed fifth wheel design changes on the jackknifing behavior of a vehicle in a turning, braking maneuver are studied. The results demonstrate that the tendency of the vehicle to jackknife can be reduced with a geometric modification of the fifth wheel.     

Energy Dissipation Due to Vehicle/Track Interaction

The effects of track irregularities and wheel profile on the amount of energy dissipated in railroad freight vehicles is examined. A nonlinear computational model is used to determine the average dissipation in the vehicle suspension and the wheel/rail contact patches. This dissipation is a component of the total resistance force acting on the vehicle. Parametric results are presented showing the effects of track geometry, wheel profile, suspension design, and hunting on train resistance. Track geometry studies consider the effects of track quality and curving. The AAR 1:20 wheel profile and the Heumann wheel profile are compared under various operating conditions. Compared with the Heumann profile, the AAR 1:20 profile is shown to have lower average resistance on good quality tangent track, but higher average resistance in steady curves. A trade-off exists between the two profiles when dynamic curve entry is considered.     

全铝车身前纵梁耐撞性与轻量化优化方法

为了提升前纵梁的碰撞性能及轻量化水平,建立了全铝车身前部结构的正面碰撞有限元模型,对前纵梁的耐撞性与轻量化优化方法进行了研究。以前纵梁的3种不同截面形式为对象,对比分析了截面形状的变化对碰撞性能的影响。在此基础上,以碰撞性能及质量为优化目标,分别对3种不同截面形式的前纵梁进行多目标优化。进一步在目标空间中,将3种不同截面形式前纵梁的Pareto解集按其目标函数向量进行相互比较,最终得到了考虑截面形式影响因素的Pareto解集。此优化方法为前纵梁的耐撞性与轻量化优化提供了新的解决方案。     

移动电站备件库存优化分析

建立了备件库存物资的存储策略模型，并通过建立存储策略期望费用方程，求解期望费用的极小值，来确定期初存储量和订货量。并且计算订货监测点的值，从而建立适宜的备件经济订货模型。     

制动噪声试验方法及模糊评价

本在大量道路试验的基础上，针对制动噪声随机性大和重复性差的特点，提出了一套关于制动噪声测试的试验方法和评价方法，该评价方法应用了模糊数学的原理，对制动噪声进行模糊综合评价，最终给出汽车的总评分和评语，具有明显的分辨率，这种模糊综合评价方法出同样适用于汽车其它性能的综合评价和汽车的总评分。     

气动高压无气冷喷漆划线车的研制

道路标线划线车是道路施工的重要设备,而气动高压无气冷喷漆划线车则是最新研制的先进的道路标线划线车.介绍了笔者单位研制的新一代气动高压无气冷喷漆划线车的结构组成、工作原理、主要性能参数、主要特点和使用情况,并从实践证明其是一种性能完善的理想划线设备.     

等值单元和等值单元定理

本文给出了等值单元、广义状态量、伴随广义状态量等新概念,提出了等值单元定理。      

Biogeochemistry of sulfur in a sediment core from the west-central Baltic Sea: Evidence from stable isotopes and pyrite textures

The biogeochemistry of the sulfur cycle in a ca. 5-m-long sediment core from the eastern slope (221 m water depth) of the Landsort Deep in the west-central Baltic Sea was investigated by analyzing the solid phase records of sulfur isotopes and pyrite textures, besides selected main and minor elements. The sediments were deposited during post-glacial history of the Baltic Sea when the basin experienced alteration of brackish (Yoldia Sea, Littorina Sea) and freshwater (Baltic Ice Lake, Ancylus Lake) conditions. The stable isotopic composition of total sulfur was analyzed as a function of depth. In selected samples pyrite (FeS₂), greigite (Fe₃S₄), and barite (BaSO₄) fractions were separated for isotope analyses. Pyrite textures were analyzed by SEM and optical microscopy.Microbial reactions associated with the oxidation of organic matter resulted in assemblages of authigenic sulfide minerals which for the post-Ancylus Lake brackish water environment are dominated by pyrite and for freshwater environments by Fe-monosulfides. The sulfur isotopic composition of the brackish water Littorina Sea sediments (δ³⁴S between −40 and −27‰ vs. V-CDT) is believed to be determined by cellular sulfate reduction rates and reactions involving intermediate sulfur species. The availability of reactive iron and decomposable organic matter as well as sedimentation rate and the chemocline position are important variables upon the δ³⁴S values of sulfides in brackish water environment. The syn-depositional abundance of sulfur and organic matter, and transport of dissolved sulfur species vs. rates of microbial reactions determine δ³⁴S in the freshwater sediments. The upper part of the Ancylus Lake sediments is sulfidized by downward diffusing H₂S and/or sulfate from overlying brackish water sediments. Minor concretionary barite formation in the freshwater sediments is most likely due to the reaction of pore water sulfate diffusing downward from brackish water sediments with barium desorbed from freshwater sediments. The size distribution of pyrite framboids in the brackish sediments indicates that the formation mainly occurred from anoxic pore waters, although some pyrite formation in an anoxic water column cannot be excluded.