Dynamics of inorganic nutrient species in the Bohai seawaters

Within the frame of a Sino-German Joint Research Program, two cruises of “R/V Dong Fang Hong 2” were carried out in September–October 1998 and April–May 1999, respectively, to understand the dynamics of nutrients in the Bohai. Nutrient species (NO₃⁻, NO₂⁻, NH₄⁺, PO₄³⁻ and SiO₃²⁻) are determined colorimetrically on board for five anchor and 30 grid stations. In situ incubation experiments are performed to determine planktonic nutrient uptake and benthic exchange flux. Nutrient concentrations display short-term variability and seasonal change in the Bohai, with higher levels in shallow coastal waters than in the Central Bohai. The influence of riverine discharge on nutrient levels can be seen from salinity isopleths, nutrient distribution and species ratios. Near-bottom (nb) waters have similar nutrient concentrations as to the surface waters in the Central Bohai, whereas stratification takes place in the Bohai Strait and North Yellow Sea. In situ incubation experiments provide evidence that the uptake ratio (i.e. N, P) by phytoplankton is proportional to the ratios among nutrient species in ambient waters. Based on the data of this study and previously publications, a preliminary estimate of nutrient budgets via riverine input and atmospheric deposition is established. The results indicate that atmospheric deposition gains importance over rivers in delivering nutrients into the Bohai and sustain the new production, following recent decrease in riverine inflow caused by drought periods in North China and damming practices. A historical review of nutrient data indicates that concentrations of nitrogen increase and phosphorus and silica decrease in the Central Bohai over last 40 years. This potentially has an important influence on the health of ecosystem in Bohai (e.g. food web and community structure), though further study is needed to examine the scenario in more detail.     

潮汕车站软土地基桩网复合地基试验研究

桩-网复合地基是近年发展起来的一种处理软土地基的有效方法,由桩、网和桩间土共同承担上部荷载,其作用机理复杂。通过潮汕车站试验段中桩-网复合地基处理段进行的路基现场试验,对桩-网复合地基中基底土压力、桩和土的沉降及地基侧向位移等进行观测测试,分析了桩土应力分担比的变化过程、沉降及侧向位移规律,有助于桩-网复合地基各组成部分的承载机理和应力传递机理的深入研究。     

“房桥合一”轨道层结构车致振动响应测试研究

为研究“房桥合一”轨道层结构车致振动特性与传播规律,选择天津西站轨道层结构,测试客、货列车通过时的轨道层结构振动加速度响应.16种工况共128组数据的分析结果表明:在列车低速通过时,“房桥合一”轨道层结构的加速度振级范围为83～113 dB;同一测点在相同振源距离、相同车型下,其振级随车速的增加而增大;在相同车速和车型下,测点的振级随距振源距离的增加而呈非线性减小,减小程度随距振源距离增加而降低.车速对“房桥合一”轨道层结构的主要车致振动响应频率的影响不大;距振源越近,频谱峰值越大;车速越高,频谱峰值越大.客、货列车对“房桥合一”轨道层结构的激振频率不同;货车对结构有低频激励影响,且高频激振不稳定;客车高频激励较为稳定.采用点振源函数拟合“房桥合一”轨道层结构的车致振动响应,获得了可以表征“房桥合一”轨道层结构车致振动传播规律的振动衰减曲线.     

铁路乘客艾滋病知识、态度、行为调查分析

目的　调查铁路旅客的艾滋病相关知识、态度和行为情况,为列车开展艾滋病宣传教育提供理论依据。方法　对6趟旅客列车乘客进行抽样问卷调查,调查结果进行统计分析。结果收回有效调查问卷2 083份,艾滋病一般知识正确回答率55.83% ~92.03%,传播途径59.67%~93.52%,临床知识59.00%~77.34%,预防控制68.75%~88.86%,态度行为48.25%~94.33%,政策法规67.64%~84.88%。正确回答率无性别差异(P>0.05);一般知识、传播途径、行为态度存在结婚与否的差异(P<0.05);受教育程度上除一般知识外,其它都有显著性差异(P<0.01)。结论　铁路乘客对艾滋病知识、态度、行为的正确回答率,原则性问题高于具体问题, 71%以上乘客愿意接受健康教育和AIDS教育。针对铁路乘客流动性强的特点,列车上艾滋病宣传教育内容要注重知识具体化。     

生态护坡根系纤维土强度和变形特性实验研究

研究目的:目前在土坡工程防护设计中,植被防护土坡一般还仅局限于园林工程师的活动范畴。然而,在提倡环境保护的今天,利用根系发达的植被,把园林工艺学和土力学与环境岩土工程技术结合到一起应用到实践中去,可以很好地实现硬化和绿化的和谐统一。为此开展植被护坡的根系固土实验研究,借鉴纤维加筋土的研究思路,研究1 mm粗和1～2 cm长的根系纤维,在不同根系拌合长度和拌合量时对根系复合土强度和变形的影响。研究结论:实验表明根系能够提高土体的粘聚力c,但一般不改变土体的内摩擦角φ,类似于加筋土的试验发现;根系对土体延展性有一定的改善作用,多年生植被长的根系更加有利于边坡防护。     

Parametric Hull Form Optimization of Containerships for Minimum Resistance in Calm Water and in Waves

This paper described the process of generating the optimal parametric hull shape with a fully parametric modeling method for three containerships of different s...     

基于大数据的交通拥堵影响因素关联性实证分析

为提升城市交通治理水平,基于大数据技术获取广州市62个交通分区的拥堵指数、人口密度、就业密度、职住平衡率等9个指标数据,采取归纳法将各指标归纳为设施不便利程度、人口岗位综合密度、对外分布影响因子、过境交通因子四大综合指标,利用SPSS软件分析交通拥堵指数与四大综合指标的关联性.结果表明,交通设施越不便利、人口岗位综合密...     

Urban walkability considering pedestrians’ perceptions of the built environment: a 10-year review and a case study in a medium-sized city in Latin America

ABSTRACT

Numerous methodologies measuring walkability have been developed over the last years. This paper reviews the Walkability Index (WI) literature of the last decade (2009–2018) and highlights some limitations in the current approaches. Only a few studies have evaluated walkability in Latin America, mainly in big cities but not in medium and small-sized cities in the region, which present their own urbanisation dynamics, security issues, sidewalk invasion problems, and poor planning. Furthermore, most WIs in the literature use objective mesoscale variables to assess walkability in a given area. This paper contributes to filling these gaps by generating new evidence from a medium-sized city in Latin America to question if characteristics of the built environment encourage walking trips, as found in the literature, are transferable among regions. The study also proposes a novel index comprised of microscale and mesoscale built environment variables to assess walkability using virtual tools and considering users’ perceptions. The WI estimation relies on ranking probability models. The results of the case study suggest that subjective Security and Traffic Safety are the most crucial factors influencing walkability in these kind of cities, which is different from what is found in the literature from cities in developed countries where Sidewalk Condition and Attractiveness are the most important factors. Security appeared to be strongly associated with a subjective dimension, represented by the fear of crime or perceived risk for crime, instead of the actual occurrence of crimes. This result evidences the importance of the physical attributes of the real world and how they are captured, judged, and processed by pedestrians. Then, regional transferability of WIs needs to be done carefully. Finally, results in this paper highlight the importance of microscale built environment characteristics in the WI formulation in these cities. Results are in line with other research in some cities of the region, which found that microscale variables such as pavement quality and presence of obstacles on the sidewalks are relevant components to promote walkability.     

泥浆悬浮砂粒能力分层测定试验研究

为实现泥浆悬浮砂粒能力的量化分析,提出一种分层测定方法,选取12%、15%和18%3种质量分数的试验泥浆,通过自行设计的分层取样装置进行试验研究,获取不同泥浆质量分数、沉降时间和砂粒粒径条件下的10个深度分段的砂粒质量分布,分析各参数影响下的砂粒沉降变化规律。结果表明:1)该分层测定方法可较好地获取不同深度分段的砂粒质量,弥补现有测定方法只能获取底层砂粒沉降质量的不足;2)试验所采用的3种质量分数的泥浆对0.1 mm以上粒径的砂粒悬浮能力均较差。根据砂粒沉降曲线分布特征,提出一种用于判别泥浆悬浮砂粒能力的方法,即砂粒沉降曲线越平缓,各层质量差异性越小,底层质量无明显拐点,不同沉降时间曲线越紧密,则泥浆悬浮砂粒能力越强。