车用代用燃料研究及发展趋势

较为详细地介绍了车用代用燃料，即液化石油气（LPG）、压缩天然气（CNG）、醇类燃料、生物燃料、二甲醚（DME）、合成柴油、生物柴油、氢能、电能的物理特性、排放、优缺点、水平现状及发展状况。     

斯巴鲁正时皮带故障诊修(三)

本文将以图文并茂的形式对斯巴鲁2.2L发动机正时皮带的更换问题做进一步探讨。希望这些知识能够成为您手头现有维修资料的补充和参考。     

斯巴鲁正时皮带故障诊修(四)

本文将继续对斯巴鲁2.2L发动机正时皮带的更换问题做进一步探讨。希望这些知识能够成为您手头现有维修资料的补充和参考。     

Simulation Tools, Modelling and Identification, for an Automotive Shock Absorber in the Context of Vehicle Dynamics

For purpose of simulation of vehicle dynamics, a physical model of an automotive shock absorber has been developed and implemented in several software packages for multibody simulations. In the present paper, the damper model structure is shortly elaborated together with some measurement and estimation techniques to retrieve the model parameters, possibly from dynamometer measurements only. These techniques are illustrated on a shock absorber normally used on the front suspension of a BMW series 7.     

The economics of conventional liner break-bulk cargo-handling efficiency

In this paper the authors, after examining the relationships between cargo handling performance of break-bulk cargo and ship and cargo related variables, demonstrate that systematic relationships exist in general cargo systems despite the many variables that affect handling operations.     

经直肠豚鼠志贺菌痢疾模型的改良

目的改良经直肠途径建立豚鼠志贺菌痢疾动物模型的方法。方法 20只受试豚鼠根据感染前24 h禁食或不禁食处理分为2组,8只非禁食组参照文献经直肠灌注致病性福氏志贺菌sf301菌株,12只禁食组经直肠分别灌注PBS(5只)和sf301菌株(7只),观察受试豚鼠的感染症状,通过组织病理学方法证实其发病与否。结果非禁食组豚鼠仅有1只(1/8)在感染后24 h内表现出明显的体重减轻、发热等典型的菌痢症状。禁食组经直肠灌注sf301菌株的豚鼠(6/7)在感染后24 h内有显著的发热症状,体重减轻则发生在感染后的24~48 h内;灌注PBS的豚鼠(0/5)无异样症状。组织病理学结果显示,发病豚鼠结肠末端的黏膜以及黏膜下层遭到明显的破坏,肠壁增厚,出现水肿、糜烂、大量中性粒细胞浸润等。结论成功建立了改良的经直肠豚鼠志贺菌痢疾动物模型。     

Public transit subsidies, output effect and total factor productivity

This paper extends previous works on total factor productivity decomposition when firms receive both operating and capital subsidies. It shows that previous works considered either the lump-sum or substitution effects of these subsidies but not together. Using constrained cost minimization as the framework it offers formal proofs to show that cost increases are inevitable if the total effects of the subsidies are considered, and that total factor productivity growth results from increasing amounts of subsidies under economies of scale and in the absence of technical change. Applications of the decomposition equations derived to a sample of transit systems finds near constant returns to scale and negative contributions of these subsidies to total factor productivity growth. Technical change reverses this decline and results in total factor productivity growth. Further, it finds that the lump-sum effects of the subsidies reduce total factor productivity more than does the substitution effect.     

Optimal synthesis of function generation in steering linkages

This paper presents an approach to optimize planar mechanisms for function generation synthesis. It is applied to the design of different steering linkages used in road vehicles where the Ackermann condition is formulated as the objective function. Four different mechanisms are kinematically defined and synthesized in terms of the proposed method. Limitations of the size of the elements are also considered by means of inequality constraints. Solutions are presented as the difference between desired behaviour, established by Ackermann, and actual generated performance. The results show that the accuracy achieved by the proposed procedure is satisfactory for working conditions in this type of linkages.