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991.
This contribution presents theoretical considerations concerning the connections between life situation, lifestyle, choice
of residential location and travel behaviour, as well as empirical results of structural equation models. The analyses are
based on data resulting from a survey in seven study areas in the region of Cologne. The results indicate that lifestyles
influence mode choice, although slightly, even when life situation is controlled for. The influence of life situation on mode
choice exceeds the influence of lifestyle. The influence that lifestyle, and in part also life situation, has on mode choice
is primarily mediated by specific location attitudes and location decisions that influence mode choice, respectively. Here
objective spatial conditions as well as subjective location attitudes are important.
相似文献
Joachim ScheinerEmail: |
992.
Singapore motorisation restraint and its implications on travel behaviour and urban sustainability 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Piotr S. Olszewski 《Transportation》2007,34(3):319-335
The example of Singapore shows that rapid urban and economic growth does not have to bring traffic congestion and pollution.
Singapore has chosen to restrain car traffic demand due to its limited land supply. Transport policy based on balanced development
of road and transit infrastructure and restraint of traffic has been consistently implemented for the past 30 years. Combined
with land use planning, it resulted in a modern transport system, which is free from major congestion and provides users with
different travel alternatives. As the economic growth caused a substantial increase in demand for cars, several pricing policies
were introduced with the aim of restraining car ownership and usage. Growth of the vehicle population is now controlled and
potentially congested roads are subject to road pricing. These measures help to keep the roads free from major congestion,
maintain car share of work trips below 25% and keep the transport energy usage low. Although Singapore conditions are in many
aspects unique, its travel demand experience can provide useful lessons for other rapidly growing cities in Asia.
相似文献
Piotr S. OlszewskiEmail: |
993.
Do changes in neighborhood characteristics lead to changes in travel behavior? A structural equations modeling approach 总被引:5,自引:2,他引:3
Suburban sprawl has been widely criticized for its contribution to auto dependence. Numerous studies have found that residents
in suburban neighborhoods drive more and walk less than their counterparts in traditional environments. However, most studies
confirm only an association between the built environment and travel behavior, and have yet to establish the predominant underlying
causal link: whether neighborhood design independently influences travel behavior or whether preferences for travel options
affect residential choice. That is, residential self-selection may be at work. A few studies have recently addressed the influence
of self-selection. However, our understanding of the causality issue is still immature. To address this issue, this study
took into account individuals’ self-selection by employing a quasi-longitudinal design and by controlling for residential
preferences and travel attitudes. In particular, using data collected from 547 movers currently living in four traditional
neighborhoods and four suburban neighborhoods in Northern California, we developed a structural equations model to investigate
the relationships among changes in the built environment, changes in auto ownership, and changes in travel behavior. The results
provide some encouragement that land-use policies designed to put residents closer to destinations and provide them with alternative
transportation options will actually lead to less driving and more walking.
Xinyu (Jason) Cao is a research fellow in the Upper Great Plains Transportation Institute at North Dakota State University. His research interests include the influences of land use on travel and physical activity, and transportation planning. Patricia L. Mokhtarian is a professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Chair of the interdisciplinary Transportation Technology and Policy graduate program, and Associate Director for Education of the Institute of Transportation Studies at the University of California, Davis. She specializes in the study of travel behavior. Susan L. Handy is a professor in the Department of Environmental Science and Policy and Director of the Sustainable Transportation Center at the University of California, Davis. Her research interests center around the relationships between transportation and land use, particularly the impact of neighborhood design on travel behavior. 相似文献
Susan L. HandyEmail: |
Xinyu (Jason) Cao is a research fellow in the Upper Great Plains Transportation Institute at North Dakota State University. His research interests include the influences of land use on travel and physical activity, and transportation planning. Patricia L. Mokhtarian is a professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Chair of the interdisciplinary Transportation Technology and Policy graduate program, and Associate Director for Education of the Institute of Transportation Studies at the University of California, Davis. She specializes in the study of travel behavior. Susan L. Handy is a professor in the Department of Environmental Science and Policy and Director of the Sustainable Transportation Center at the University of California, Davis. Her research interests center around the relationships between transportation and land use, particularly the impact of neighborhood design on travel behavior. 相似文献
994.
Modeling residential sorting effects to understand the impact of the built environment on commute mode choice 总被引:5,自引:2,他引:3
Abdul Rawoof Pinjari Ram M. Pendyala Chandra R. Bhat Paul A. Waddell 《Transportation》2007,34(5):557-573
This paper presents an examination of the significance of residential sorting or self selection effects in understanding the
impacts of the built environment on travel choices. Land use and transportation system attributes are often treated as exogenous
variables in models of travel behavior. Such models ignore the potential self selection processes that may be at play wherein
households and individuals choose to locate in areas or built environments that are consistent with their lifestyle and transportation
preferences, attitudes, and values. In this paper, a simultaneous model of residential location choice and commute mode choice
that accounts for both observed and unobserved taste variations that may contribute to residential self selection is estimated
on a survey sample extracted from the 2000 San Francisco Bay Area household travel survey. Model results show that both observed
and unobserved residential self selection effects do exist; however, even after accounting for these effects, it is found
that built environment attributes can indeed significantly impact commute mode choice behavior. The paper concludes with a
discussion of the implications of the model findings for policy planning.
相似文献
Paul A. WaddellEmail: |
995.
The thermal energy storage phase change material used for building has been prepared with a few of fatty acids based on the
principle of binary low eutectic point. The thermal behaviors such as phase transition temperature and enthalpy of compound
energy storage material are researched through differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and scanning electron microscope (SEM).
The results show that the thermal energy storage phase change composite material can be used in the wall panels well as its
higher latent heat. 相似文献
996.
The dynamic recrystallization(DRX) behaviors in SPHC steel were investigated with hot compression tests at deformation temperatures of 950-1 150,strain rates of 0.1-15 s-1,and initial austenite grain sizes of 86-232 μm.The effects of deformation temperature,strain,strain rate and the initial austenite grain size on the microstructural evolution during DRX were studied in detail.The results show that DRX is observed under the condition of the Zener-Hollomon parameter being less than 1.07×10 13 s-1.The deformation activation energy for SPHC steel is calculated to be 299.4 kJ/mol by regression analysis.Austenite grain size of DRX is refined with decreasing temperature and increasing strain rate under steady state conditions,but it is not influenced by the initial grain size.The mathematical equation of DRX grain size of SPHC steel is obtained. 相似文献
997.
The micro-crystalline diamond (MCD) and fine-grained diamond (FGD) films are deposited on commercial silicon nitride inserts
by the hot-filament chemical vapor deposition (HFCVD) method. The friction and cutting properties of as-deposited MCD and
FGD films coated silicon nitride (Si3N4) inserts are comparatively investigated in this study. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Raman spectroscopy are
adopted to study the characterization of the deposited diamond films. The friction tests are conducted on a ball-on-plate
type reciprocating friction tester in ambient air using Co-cemented tungsten carbide (WC-Co), Si3N4 and ball-bearing steel (BBS) balls as the mating materials of the diamond films. For sliding against WC-Co, Si3N4 and BBS, the FGD film presents lower friction coefficients than the MCD film. However, after sliding against Si3N4, the FGD film is subject to more severe wear than the MCD film. The cutting performance of as-deposited MCD and FGD coated
Si3N4 inserts is examined in dry turning glass fiber reinforced plastics (GFRP) composite materials, comparing with the uncoated
Si3N4 insert. The results indicate that the lifetime of Si3N4 inserts can be prolonged by depositing the MCD or FGD film on them and the FGD coated insert shows longer cutting lifetime
than the MCD coated one. 相似文献
998.
This paper presents an application of strut-and-tie model (STM) to design the interior anchorage zone (IAZ) in the post-tensioned
concrete structure. The STM theory and range of IAZ are introduced. Then, based on the finite element analysis, a series of
simplified equations to calculate internal forces in IAZ are presented. Finally, the STM model for IAZ is given. In the proposed
STM model, internal forces in ties vary with the dimension ratio and the eccentricity of load. The U-turn of internal forces
is suggested to allocate rebar to resist bearing flexural tensile force. Compared with the FIP (International Federation for
Prestressing) model, the proposed STM model is more reasonable and applicable. 相似文献
999.
Phase space can be constructed for N equal and distinguishable binary subsystems which are correlated in a scale-invariant manner. In the paper, correlation coefficient
and reduced probability are introduced to characterize the scale-invariant correlated binary subsystems. Probabilistic sets
for the correlated binary subsystems satisfy Leibnitz triangle rule in the sense that the marginal probabilities of N-system are equal to the joint probabilities of the (N −1)-system. For entropic index q ≠ 1, nonextensive entropy S
q
is shown to be additive in the scale-invariant occupation of phase space. 相似文献
1000.
Petal failure characteristics of a conical projectile penetrating a thin plate at high oblique angle
In order to determine the impact depth of a conical projectile impacting a thin plate at high oblique angle, the residual
velocity of the projectile after penetrating must be known. Based on the petal failure mode of the conical projectile impacting
the thin plate at high oblique angle, the energy consumption mode of the target was determined. During the perforation process,
the energy consumption of the target was completed by the saucerization, the power work of the petals, the propagation of
radial cracks and petal bending. The energy formula was deduced for each energy dissipation mode and the energy consumed in
the impact process was determined. The residual velocity and the ballistic limit velocity of the projectile were deduced by
energy conservation principle. Comparison of the analytical results of the residual velocity to the numerical results demonstrates
the accuracy and reliability of the analytical formula. 相似文献