大型集装箱船和新巴拿马型船舶（NPX）

集装箱贸易显著的增长不仅表现在集装箱船队的总箱数已超过1100万箱，还表现在船的大小上。今天使用中的最大的集装箱船已超过1万箱。     

Air–sea gas transfer velocity estimates from the Jason-1 and TOPEX altimeters: Prospects for a long-term global time series

Estimation of global and regional air–sea fluxes of climatically important gases is a key goal of current climate research programs. Gas transfer velocities needed to compute these fluxes can be estimated by combining altimeter-derived mean square slope with an empirical relation between transfer velocity and mean square slope derived from field measurements of gas fluxes and small-scale wave spectra [Frew, N.M., Bock, E.J., Schimpf, U., Hara, T., Hauβecker, H., Edson, J.B., McGillis, W.R., Nelson, R.K., McKenna, S.P., Uz, B.M., Jähne, B., 2004. Air–sea gas transfer: Its dependence on wind stress, small-scale roughness and surface films, J. Geophys. Res., 109, C08S17, doi: 10.1029/2003JC002131.]. We previously reported initial results from a dual-frequency (Ku- and C-band) altimeter algorithm [Glover, D.M., Frew, N.M., McCue, S.J., Bock, E.J., 2002. A Multi-year Time Series of Global Gas Transfer Velocity from the TOPEX Dual Frequency, Normalized Radar Backscatter Algorithm, In: Gas Transfer at Water Surfaces, editors: Donelan, M., Drennan, W., Saltzman, E., and Wanninkhof, R., Geophysical Monograph 127, American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC, 325–331.] for estimating the air–sea gas transfer velocity (k) from the mean square slope of short wind waves (40–100 rad/m) and derived a 6-year time series of global transfer velocities based on TOPEX observations. Since the launch of the follow-on altimeter Jason-1 in December 2001 and commencement of the TOPEX/Jason-1 Tandem Mission, we have extended this time series to 12 years, with improvements to the model parameters used in our algorithm and using the latest corrected data releases. The prospect of deriving multi-year and interdecadal time series of gas transfer velocity from TOPEX, Jason-1 and follow-on altimeter missions depends on precise intercalibration of the normalized backscatter. During the Tandem Mission collinear phase, both satellites followed identical orbits with a mere 73-s time separation. The resulting collocated, near-coincident normalized radar backscatter (σ°) data from both altimeters present a unique opportunity to intercalibrate the two instruments, compare derived fields of transfer velocity and estimate the precision of the algorithm. Initial results suggest that the monthly gas transfer velocity fields generated from the two altimeters are very similar. Comparison of along-track Ku-band and C-band σ° during the collinear phase indicates that observed discrepancies are due primarily to small offsets between TOPEX and Jason-1 σ°. The Jason-1 k values have an apparent bias of + 4% relative to TOPEX, while the precision estimated from the two observation sets is 5–7% and scales with k. The resultant long-term, global, mean k is 16 cm/h.     

The combined effect of rain and wind on air–water gas exchange: A feasibility study

A series of experiments were conducted at University of Delaware's Air–Sea Interaction Laboratory to examine the combined effects of rain and wind on air–water gas exchange. During this study, ASIL WRX I, a combination of 3 rain rates and 4 wind speeds were used, for a total of 12 different environmental conditions. The SF₆ evasion method was used to determine the bulk gas transfer velocities, and airside profiles of wind and CO₂ were used to estimate flux–profiles of momentum and carbon dioxide. In addition to measurements of fluxes with and without rain in a wind–wave boundary layer, measurements of wave properties were also obtained. Rain is shown to alter the wind profile in the flume, and dampen surface waves. Also, SF₆ evasion indicates that with the present experimental setup, for most of the experimental conditions, rain and wind combine linearly to influence air–water gas exchange. Flux–profile relationships for marine atmospheric boundary layers, which were performed to scale up to field measurements, were explored by a comparison between SF₆-derived bulk fluxes and airside CO₂ profile measurements.     

船东眼中的标准

所谓标准,有一个定义就是:它们是在实践中用来衡量性能或确定和控制质量水平的各种技术规定或准则。标准可以是强制性的,也可以是自愿的。标准应当是清楚明白、均衡合理及协调一致的。标准的制订,被看作是弥合技能或品质差距的最有效途径。规定明确的各项标准,必须处理好所有利     

内圈蠕变引起的车轴轴承损伤进程的研究

车轴轴承内圈“蠕变”现象会导致内圈绕着车轴“旋转,”它是轴承磨损和发热的一个潜在的原因。人们仍不清楚内圈蠕变开始后车轴和轴承是如何迅速恶化的。文章用与实物等大的铁路车辆轴承在实验室进行了内圈蠕变仿真试验,调查了以内圈蠕变为起点的轴承损伤进程。试验结果揭示了轴承温度、振动以及车轴外径与内圈内径之间间隙的变化关系,并对内圈蠕变作出了预测。     

Towards a practical method to establish comparable values of travel time savings from stated choice experiments with differing design dimensions

Individual’s process the information in stated choice (SC) experiments in many different ways. In order to accommodate decisions rules that are used in processing information, there is good sense in conditioning the parameterisation of stated choice design attributes on these rules. In particular, rules might be invoked to cope with the dimensionality of the SC design. In this paper, we investigate the impact of rules such as attribute aggregation and reference dependency on preference profiles for specific design attributes, as well as the design specification, as we vary the dimensionality of an SC design. The heteroscedastic extreme value logit model is estimated to identify the role of design dimensionality and attribute processing rules, after accounting for scale differences across sixteen pooled data designs The empirical evidence, drawn from a study in Sydney of car commuter route choice, suggests that accounting for the way that stated choice designs are processed, given their dimensionality, does make a statistically significant difference on measures of willingness to pay, as does accounting for scale differences between pooled data designs. This evidence has practical value in guiding the design of SC experiments and in adjusting results from different SC designs when comparing the evidence. We propose a simple adjustment formula to use in adjusting VTTS from different studies so that they are comparable. From a practical policy perspective, the evidence sends a warning about the risk of undervaluing mean VTTS if the attribute processing rules are not accounted for.     

Incised-valley morphologies and sedimentary-fills within the inner shelf of the Bay of Biscay (France): A synthesis

This study is a first synthesis focused on incised-valleys located within the inner shelf of the Bay of Biscay. It is based on previously published results obtained during recent seismic surveys and coring campaigns. The morphology of the valleys appears to be strongly controlled by tectonics and lithology. The Pleistocene sedimentary cover of the shelf is very thin and discontinuous with a maximum thickness ranging between 30 and 40 m in incised-valley fills. Thus the incised bedrock morphology plays a key-role by controlling hydrodynamics and related sediment transport and deposition that explains some variations of those incised-valley fills with respect to the previously published general models.     

Modelling high frequency force behaviour of hydraulic automotive dampers

Little information on automotive damper performance above 30 Hz is found in the published literature. Design of vehicles for low levels of noise, vibration and harshness requires attention to higher frequencies. This paper describes research into modelling damper behaviour at frequencies up to 500 Hz. The performance of a monotube damper was measured and the empirical data were used to evaluate a recently published parametric model. Methods of assessing prediction accuracy using transfer and coherence functions, and a wavelet-based transfer function were introduced. Modifications to the model were then developed to improve the prediction of high-frequency behaviour.     

Dynamic model of supercritical Organic Rankine Cycle waste heat recovery system for internal combustion engine

The supercritical Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) for the Waste Heat Recovery (WHR) from Internal Combustion (IC) engines has been a growing research area in recent years, driven by the aim to enhance the thermal efficiency of the ORC and engine. Simulation of a supercritical ORC-WHR system before a real-time application is important as high pressure in the system may lead to concerns about safety and availability of components. In the ORC-WHR system, the evaporator is the main contributor to thermal inertia of the system and is considered to be the critical component since the heat transfer of this device influences the efficiency of the system. Since the thermo-physical properties of the fluid at supercritical pressures are dependent on temperature, it is necessary to consider the variations in properties of the working fluid. The wellknown Finite Volume (FV) discretization method is generally used to take those property changes into account. However, a FV model of the evaporator in steady state condition cannot be used to predict the thermal inertia of the cycle when it is subjected to transient heat sources. In this paper, a dynamic FV model of the evaporator has been developed and integrated with other components in the ORC-WHR system. The stability and transient responses along with the performance of the ORC-WHR system for the transient heat source are investigated and are also included in this paper.