Application of new parameterizations of gas transfer velocity and their impact on regional and global marine CO2 budgets

One of the dominant sources of uncertainty in the calculation of air–sea flux of carbon dioxide on a global scale originates from the various parameterizations of the gas transfer velocity, k, that are in use. Whilst it is undisputed that most of these parameterizations have shortcomings and neglect processes which influence air–sea gas exchange and do not scale with wind speed alone, there is no general agreement about their relative accuracy.The most widely used parameterizations are based on non-linear functions of wind speed and, to a lesser extent, on sea surface temperature and salinity. Processes such as surface film damping and whitecapping are known to have an effect on air–sea exchange. More recently published parameterizations use friction velocity, sea surface roughness, and significant wave height. These new parameters can account to some extent for processes such as film damping and whitecapping and could potentially explain the spread of wind-speed based transfer velocities published in the literature.We combine some of the principles of two recently published k parameterizations [Glover, D.M., Frew, N.M., McCue, S.J. and Bock, E.J., 2002. A multiyear time series of global gas transfer velocity from the TOPEX dual frequency, normalized radar backscatter algorithm. In: Donelan, M.A., Drennan, W.M., Saltzman, E.S., and Wanninkhof, R. (Eds.), Gas Transfer at Water Surfaces, Geophys. Monograph 127. AGU,Washington, DC, 325–331; Woolf, D.K., 2005. Parameterization of gas transfer velocities and sea-state dependent wave breaking. Tellus, 57B: 87–94] to calculate k as the sum of a linear function of total mean square slope of the sea surface and a wave breaking parameter. This separates contributions from direct and bubble-mediated gas transfer as suggested by Woolf [Woolf, D.K., 2005. Parameterization of gas transfer velocities and sea-state dependent wave breaking. Tellus, 57B: 87–94] and allows us to quantify contributions from these two processes independently.We then apply our parameterization to a monthly TOPEX altimeter gridded 1.5° × 1.5° data set and compare our results to transfer velocities calculated using the popular wind-based k parameterizations by Wanninkhof [Wanninkhof, R., 1992. Relationship between wind speed and gas exchange over the ocean. J. Geophys. Res., 97: 7373–7382.] and Wanninkhof and McGillis [Wanninkhof, R. and McGillis, W., 1999. A cubic relationship between air−sea CO2 exchange and wind speed. Geophys. Res. Lett., 26(13): 1889–1892]. We show that despite good agreement of the globally averaged transfer velocities, global and regional fluxes differ by up to 100%. These discrepancies are a result of different spatio-temporal distributions of the processes involved in the parameterizations of k, indicating the importance of wave field parameters and a need for further validation.     

Initial results from long-term measurements of atmospheric humidity and related parameters in the marine boundary layer at two locations in the Gulf of Mexico

Measurements of boundary layer moisture have been acquired from Rotronic MP-100 sensors deployed on two NDBC buoys in the northern Gulf of Mexico from June through November 1993. For one sensor, which was retrieved approximately 8 months after deployment, the post- and precalibrations agreed closely and fell well within WMO specifications for accuracy. The second sensor operated continuously from June 1993 to February 1997 (3.5 years). Buoy observations of relative humidity and supporting data were used to calculate specific humidity and the surface fluxes of latent and sensible heat. Specific humidities from the buoys were compared with observations of moisture obtained from nearby ship reports, and the correlations were generally high (0.7–0.9). Surface gravity wave spectra were also acquired. The time series of specific humidity and the other buoy parameters revealed three primary scales of variability, small (h), synoptic (days), and seasonal (months). The synoptic variability was clearly dominant and occurred primarily during September, October, and November. Most of the synoptic variability was due to frontal systems that dropped down into the Gulf of Mexico from the continental US followed by air masses which were cold and dry. Cross-correlation analyses of the buoy data indicated that: (1) the moisture field was highly coherent over distances of 800 km or more in the northern Gulf of Mexico; and (2) both specific humidity and air temperature served as tracers of the motion associated with propagating atmospheric disturbances. These correlation analyses also revealed that the prevailing weather systems generally entered the buoy domain from the South prior to September, but primarily from the North thereafter. Spectra of the various buoy parameters indicated strong diurnal and semidiurnal variability for barometric pressure and sea surface temperature (SST) and lesser variability for air temperature, wind speed and significant wave height. The surface fluxes of latent and sensible heat were dominated by the synoptic events which took place from September through November with the transfer of latent heat being primarily from the ocean to the atmosphere. Finally, an analysis of the surface wave observations from each buoy, which included calculations of wave age and estimates of surface roughness, indicate that major heat and moisture flux events coincide with periods of active wave growth, although the data were insufficient to identify any causal relationships.     

船舶压载水处理系统

较详细地介绍了三种符合国际海事组织（IMO）压载水排放标准的压载水处理系统。为2009年以后设计建造的新船以及2016年底前全部现有船舶的改装设计提供了新装备、新技术的线索,值得关注。     

南京九华山隧道主体结构变形分布式光纤监测技术应用

运用分布式光纤传感技术FBG,建立了南京九华山隧道主体结构变形的离线长期监测系统,介绍了FBG测量原理。在隧道运营阶段中,对结构混凝土应变与伸缩缝位移进行了长期的监测,并对结果进行了分析。监测结果表明,隧道山体段与湖底段变形均处于安全阈值内,且隧道变形主要受到环境、季节温差、降水等因素影响。     

基于PID控制的电控空气悬架系统设计

以飞思卡尔公司16位单片机MC9S12DP256为核心控制单元,基于PID控制策略,并利用Matlab、Labview软件。针对气囊-组合电磁阀,对电控空气悬架的软、硬件控制系统进行设计。控制系统可较好地控制车身高度,抑制系统振荡,改善电控空气悬架的性能。     

A tool to aid redesign of flexible transport services to increase efficiency in rural transport service provision

Rural areas generally have lower and more dispersed demands for travel which cannot sustain conventional public transport services and consequently have a greater number of flexible and demand responsive transport services operating. These services usually operate on a stand-alone basis, are often subsidized and are typically only accessible by certain passenger types or for specific trip purposes. This generally results in uncoordinated and inefficient transport provision overall. The Flexible integrated transport services (FITS) system featured in this paper has been designed to address this problem. FITS can be used as a planning tool to assess potential benefits from relaxing operating constraints (e.g., a service's operating boundaries), which can potentially suggest service redesign. It also includes the capacity to assign subsidy payments on a trip by trip basis to increase cost efficiency whilst meeting a greater proportion of transport needs. The case study in the paper focusses on transport to health in the Aberdeenshire and Morayshire areas of Scotland in the UK. Despite flexible transport operators receiving public funds to meet passenger needs, this is currently being supplemented by public bodies paying large amounts in taxi fares in instances where there is a statutory obligation to provide travel but where no other suitable transport service exists. The results demonstrate the potential substantial savings which could be realized by allowing transport operators to redesign their services by relaxing constraints and by the reassignment of subsidies: resulting in more passenger demands being met and a reduction in public spending on taxi fares.     

极限分析法求解含软弱夹层边坡稳定性

软弱夹层对边坡的稳定性影响显著,目前设计中通常采用极限平衡法计算边坡的稳定性,其在求解中需要建立多个平衡方程. 为了分析含软弱夹层边坡的稳定性,首先,采用极限分析法建立了计算模型;其次,通过极限平衡法验证了求解的准确性;最后,分析了荷载、夹层形状、夹层强度等对稳定性的影响. 研究结果表明:边坡安全系数随着外荷载强度的增大而减小,其中,当加速度放大系数由1.0增大为1.6时,安全系数由1.20降为0.89;当外荷载频率越大时,边坡越易提前产生破坏;软弱夹层形状对边坡安全系数影响显著,特别是当其靠近坡顶与坡面时;安全系数随着软弱夹层摩擦角与黏聚力的减小而近似线性降低,其中,当黏聚力由9 kPa降为5 kPa时,安全系数降低约30%.      

“Local background” levels of carbon monoxide in an urban area

The objective of this study was to obtain a better understanding of carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations immediately upwind of urban roadways, the “local background” values, and how these concentrations depend upon the surrounding traffic and the general meteorology. Measurements were made at seven sites in Seattle, WA during the winter of 1993. Local background CO concentrations were characterized by an absence of short term fluctuations, a steady buildup during the 3 p.m. to 11 p.m. period, and a lack of spatial gradients in the 8-h average values. Distinctly different log-normal distributions of the 8-h averages were observed for “trafficked” sites versus “urban park” sites, with mean values of 1.6 and 1.0 ppm respectively. A simple regression model was developed to predict the local background CO that includes distance from roadway, average daily traffic of nearby roadways, and the frequency of occurrence of low wind speeds (R² = 0.74; F = 170).     

B120型车体碰撞仿真研究

城轨车辆碰撞安全性设计是城轨车辆设计中一个重要问题。文章根据现代城轨车辆碰撞方面相关标准及数据,使用有限元仿真软件对不同速度下的B120型车体进行碰撞仿真计算,观察吸能装置及防爬装置的主要作用,考察整车防碰撞能力,以及防爬器的防爬性能和吸能能力。结果表明该型车体的结构设计完全符合技术协议的防碰撞要求,具有较高的合理性。     

周期无人值守机舱监测报警系统方案研究

无人机舱是目前国际上新建船舶的常规要求，满足各国船级社AUT－0规范的机舱监测报警系统是周期性无人值守机舱的重要组成部分，本文在介绍机舱监测报基本原理的基础上，调研了国内外有代表性的几个机舱监测报警系统，继而阐述了国家船舶一条龙项目机舱监测报警系统小项的具体方案设计。