The U.S. national marine sanctuary program: An analysis of the program's implementation and current issues

Abstract

The U.S. National Marine Sanctuary Program was established in 1972 by Title III of the Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act (16 U.S.C. §1431 et seq.). In this article, we discuss the development of the sanctuary concept, and the original intent of Congress, and analyze how it was applied by the sanctuary program. Differences in interpretation of the program's purpose are examined, including discussion of the multiple‐use management concept, an important but controversial management technique used in the sanctuaries. The continuing efforts by Congress and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration to clarify the program's purpose are investigated. The program's administrative history is explained and the current sanctuaries and active candidates are briefly described. In light of the 1988 reauthorization of the Marine Sanctuary Act, the current issues facing the program are analyzed. Finally, we draw conclusions and make recommendations for the program's future.     

Book reviews

R. S. Farrow, with J. M. Broadus, T. A. Grigalunas, P. Hoagland III, and J. J. Opaluch. 1990. Managing the Outer Continental Shelf Lands: Oceans of Controversy. New York: Taylor & Francis New York, 168 pp., paper.

Richard A. Kenchington. 1990. Managing Marine Environments. New York: Taylor & Francis, 248 pp.     

Hydrodynamic hull form optimization using parametric models

Hydrodynamic optimizations of ship hull forms have been carried out employing parametric curves generated by fairness-optimized B-Spline form parameter curves, labeled as F-Spline. Two functionalities of the parametric geometry models are used in the present study: a constrained transformation function to account for hull form variations and a geometric entity used in full parametric hull form design. The present F-Spline based optimization procedure is applied to two distinct hydrodynamic hull form optimizations: the global shape optimization of an ultra-large container ship and the forebody hull form for the hydrodynamic optimization of an LPG carrier. Improvements of ship performance achieved by the proposed F-Spline procedure are demonstrated through numerical experiments and through correlations with experimental data. The ultra-large containership was built and delivered to the ship owner. The present study validates the effectiveness of the proposed hydrodynamic optimization procedure, ushering in process automation and performance improvement in practical ship design practices.     

Duplin river estuarine sanctuary—a description

Abstract

The Duplin River Estuarine Sanctuary was dedicated by Governor George Busbee of Georgia in December 1976. The sanctuary includes the entire Duplin river, related wetlands, and much of the contributing uplands, which extend over 7500 acres. Much of the upland lies on Sapelo Island, neighboring a state wildlife management area, a state natural area, and a community of black families that have lived and worked on the island for many generations. The sanctuary was acquired, in part, with funds from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and will be managed for research and educational purposes. The management policy will be designed to avoid artificial or manipulative management control, to protect natural processes and systems, and to promote attainment of scientific objectives.     

大型集装箱船和新巴拿马型船舶（NPX）

集装箱贸易显著的增长不仅表现在集装箱船队的总箱数已超过1100万箱,还表现在船的大小上。今天使用中的最大的集装箱船已超过1万箱。     

Some aspects of the structural design of a mat foundation for various soil conditions

There are several important structural design parameters in the analysis of a mat type structure for a jackup mobile offshore drilling unit. These consist of dimensions for the mat, soil foundation types, and structural loads. Methods for determining the proper dimension of the mat structure, modeling the structure and its loading cases, modeling the soil conditions and a method for identifying critical load cases for each element and load case is presented. By using a database approach for the finite element output for all of the various loading cases, a rational approach is presented which solves the problem of sorting and analyzing all of the elements and load cases, ensuring that all are included and none of the critical cases are missed.     

体验伦敦公共交通系统

从旅客、业内人士和决策者的不同角度出发,给不太熟悉伦敦但却对其高效的公共交通系统感兴趣的读者,描述了今日伦敦公共交通系统的主要特征和运作方式.伦敦公共交通融合了公共汽车、地铁、轻轨、有轨电车和通勤火车在内的多种交通方式.良好的交通信息、车辆换乘及一票制的使用是该系统的3个主要特征,以此达到旅客的便捷出行.同时指出,伦敦公共交通系统成功在于3个关键因素:一体化的交通政策和规划、由伦敦市长直接领导的统一交通机构(伦敦交通署)负责机制以及充足的资金保障.     

曼谷的机场连接线

泰国曼谷市开始建设一条新线连接市中心和苏汪纳普机场，该工程总投资为250亿泰铢（6．75亿美元），预计2007年10月开通。     

Behavioural intentions as predictors of very specific behaviour

This paper proposes an alternative approach to understanding travel behaviour —the study of behavioural intentions. The communality of this and the revealed behaviour approach are outlined and the use of controlled experimental methods illustrated in an analysis of empirical data on behavioural intentions of citizens with respect to changes in the levels of transport service, and the introduction of an area licensing scheme for travel in a central city area in Australia.This research was completed while Jordan Louviere was at Cambridge Systematics Inc., Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A.