‘Informal Travel’: A New Conceptualization of Travel Patterns?

Abstract

In transportation, informal transport refers mainly to the use of paratransit services in the developing world. In this paper we argue that informal travel may include, in addition to mode and users, also other travel pattern elements, such as trip planning, structure, purpose, and destination. Each of these can be placed along an axis ranging from formal manifestations to informal ones, thus creating a ‘formality scale’. Moreover, these elements may be combined in numerous ways, creating a multitude of travel patterns that may be placed all along the formality scale. After providing a definition of formal, semi-formal, and informal travel and characterizing travel patterns according to the formality scale we identify population groups which exemplify semi-formal and informal travel patterns. Next, we analyze the 2009 US National Household Travel Survey, which suggests informal travel may be growing. This leads to a discussion on various factors that might affect travel formality. Most notably, the growing use of information and communication technologies may be shifting travel toward the informal end of the axis. In turn, this might affect trip symmetry, which may result in further effects on the transportation system.     

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本文分析了交通微观动态性和传统GHR模型、考虑延误的最优速度模型和智能驾驶员模型的动态特性。传统GHR模型区别于其它两个模型的根本特征在于其仅描述车辆跟驰状态的关系,而其余两个模型则可较好地反映具有很强相互作用时车辆间关系,如自由流和车辆从初始状态开始加速的阶段。结果表明：(1) 最优速度模型和智能驾驶员模型较传统GHR模型具有更好的完整性;(2) 现有的最优速度模型可能产生不符合实际的车辆相互作用;(3) 考虑实际延误的最优速度模型可产生稳定的车辆间相互作用;(4) 智能驾驶员模型还需进一步改进,尤其是应考虑驾驶员延误这一微观交通仿真中的重要因素;(5) 这三个模型可产生相似的动态特性。     

TLA改性沥青的高温流变性能研究

采用动态力学分析方法对基质沥青和TLA改性沥青的高温动态流变性能进行研究,测定了一定温度和频率范围内的动态流变性能参数,并通过分析TLA掺量不同的改性沥青的动态性能参数变化规律来分析TLA对沥青的流变性能的影响,结果表明：加入TLA后沥青复数模量增大,相位角减小,沥青的车辙因子相应增大.     

凤城市城市防洪工程的几点做法

近年来,随着生态水利观念的发展,在城市防洪工程建设中,人们越来越重视水工程与环境的和谐。该文介绍了辽宁省凤城市在城市防洪中生态水利的几点做法,并提出几点建议。     

Age and cross-cultural comparison of drivers’ cognitive workload and performance in simulated urban driving

Driving demands significant psychomotor attention and requires even more when drivers are engaged in secondary tasks that increase cognitive workload and divert attention. It is well established that age influences driving risk. Less is known about how culture impacts changes in attention. We conducted parallel driving simulations in the US and Korea to measure the extent to which age and culture influence dual-task performance. There were 135 participants divided into two groups: a younger group aged 20∼29, and an older group aged 60∼69. Whereas some differences by culture appeared in absolute control measures, the younger participants showed similar mean velocity and compensatory patterns associated with increased cognitive load in the urban setting; however, the results from the older samples were less similar.     

Emissions simulation in a 7000 kg-grade diesel hybrid electric vehicle

Hybrids combine a combustion engine with an electric motor and battery. The two technologies can be combined to reduce fuel consumption and exhaust emissions. This paper presents the concept of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) applied to truck or van vehicles with diesel engines. The simulation results from the advanced vehicle simulator (ADVISOR) demonstrate that the required power may be properly shared between the internal combustion engine and electric motor. The simulation can also be used to prove that the technique is useful for improvements in driving performance; additionally, the technique is suitable for hybrid electric vehicles, allowing for good fuel economy and low emissions performance.     

大骨节病（发生在中国的一种地方性骨关节病）关节软骨代谢

目的 本研究旨在了解大骨节病(KBD,在中国发生的一种地方性骨关节病)患者软骨CD44和蛋白聚糖的代谢及相关影响.方法 用免疫组织化学方法分析分化抗原-44(CD44)、BC-13以及3-B-3(-)在所采集KBD患者和正常人软骨切片中的表达;采用夹心酶联免疫吸附测定法检测血清中可溶性CD44(sCD44)、白介素-1β(IL 1β)、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)以及基质金属蛋白酶-1的水平.结果 苏木素&伊红(HE)染色以及甲苯胺兰染色显示,在KBD病患儿以及成人软骨中有细胞坏死和蛋白聚糖的缺失;免疫组织化学染色发现,KBD成人和儿童患者软骨组织中CD44、BC-13和3-B-3(-)具很强的阳性表达;sCD44、IL-1β和TNF-α在KBD成人和儿童血清的水平明显高于正常成人及儿童对照组,经统计学分析具显著性差异.有意思的现象是,KBD病区正常儿童血清中IL-1-β和TNF-α的水平亦明显高于非KBD病区正常儿童的水平,这些都提示可能还有一些未被确定的因素(例如遗传因素)或许对KBD发病具有一定的影响.结论 大骨节病患者CD44、IL-1β和TNF α代谢发生的改变,以及KBD成人和儿童软骨由于聚集蛋白聚糖酶活性增强所产生的蛋白聚糖的丢失,可能是KBD发病机理中起关键作用的重要因素,可以引起病态的关节形成和关节的不稳定,这些都可以导致在KBD患者中发生继发性的骨性关节炎.     

广东阳阳高速公路勘察设计阶段监理工作实践

我国高速公路设计监理尚处于起步阶段。结合阳阳高速公路实施设计监理的情况,从技术角度阐明勘察设计监理的必要性,分析了具体实施过程中的不足和存在问题。     

道路养护成本的分析

介绍了道路养护成本分析的计算方法、成本组成等,并通过实际的方案案例分析,证明养护方案成本对整个道路方案寿命周期成本及方案比选结果的重大影响．     

爱尔兰铁路用2900系新型内燃动车组

介绍了爱尔兰铁路采用的2900系新型内燃动车组的结构特点以及主要设备。