Parametric Hull Form Optimization of Containerships for Minimum Resistance in Calm Water and in Waves

This paper described the process of generating the optimal parametric hull shape with a fully parametric modeling method for three containerships of different s...     

沥青混合料抗车辙性能的分形描述方法

为了准确模拟沥青混合料抗车辙性能, 采用分形理论分析了沥青混合料微观结构, 研究了粗细集料不同级配分形维数对沥青混合料抗车辙性能的影响, 并根据级配分形维数公式计算了沥青混合料的分形值, 进行了沥青混合料车辙试验和微观结构的电子扫描。分析结果表明: 4.75 mm通过率是集料尺度的分界点, 集料分形维数与抗车辙性能有一致相关性, 分形值越大, 抗车辙能力越高; 根据路用性能设计集料级配可以定量地分析沥青混合料的级配差异和路面性能, 及路面微观结构与宏观路用性能的关系。     

基于目标级联分析法的车下设备悬挂参数优化设计

为改善高速列车运行舒适度和车下悬挂设备的振动水平,建立了车辆-设备系统垂向动力学模型,推导了车辆系统振动加速度频率响应函数;结合轨道不平顺激励谱函数计算了车下悬挂设备振动加速度均方根,联合人体舒适度加权滤波函数计算了车体振动参考点的垂向舒适度指标;引入目标级联分析(ATC)法逐层分解车辆-设备系统振动指标,构建了车辆-设备系统两层指标分解数学模型,采用指数罚函数策略协调两层振动指标之间的耦合问题;提出了以车辆运行舒适度和车下悬挂设备振动加速度为指标的多目标优化方法,建立了以车下设备悬挂刚度和阻尼为设计变量的优化模型;联合车下设备悬挂参数动力吸振器(DVA)设计法对比探讨了ATC法在复杂车辆系统参数优化设计中的应用效果。分析结果表明：与DVA设计法相比,ATC法优化后车辆中部舒适度在300 km·h^-1工况下提高了8.5%,设备振动水平减小了约20%;在全速域区间,ATC法对车体中部的振动衰减是DVA设计法的2倍,且对设备的振动衰减比DVA设计法大4.5 dB;与优化前相比,ATC法优化后车辆中部舒适度指标最大提升了15%,设备振动加速度减小了0.18 m·s^-2。由此可见,ATC法可以运用于复杂轨道车辆结构参数优化设计中,能有效改善车辆系统的振动水平,也可为车下设备悬挂参数优化设计提供指导。     

山区公路水灾害评价体系框架的研究

为了提高山区公路抗水灾能力,在实地调查、研究基础之上,详细阐明了山区公路水灾害评价中危险性、易损性、损失、风险、减灾效益等基本概念。提出了山区公路水灾害评价系统应由危险性评价、易损性评价、风险评价及减灾效益评价4部分构成,而对于路网水灾害评价应由点、线、面构成,首次建立了完整的三维评价体系。指出对已有公路的防排水与抗水毁能力的工程评价,是水毁防治工程投资决策的重要依据,应作为重点进行研究。对于路网水灾害评价,应侧重于点(点单元)评价,适当考虑线评价。最后,从致灾因子、承灾体、灾情及防灾减灾4个方面构建了公路水灾害评价基本模型。     

电控汽油机喷油脉宽与燃油消耗质量关系试验研究

针对目前电喷汽油机油耗测量带来的新问题,根据喷油器喷油量控制原理,研究利用测量喷油脉宽来测量燃油消耗质量的方法;开发了喷油器喷油脉宽测量仪,通过试验分析了发动机在不同负荷、不同转速时喷油脉宽与燃油消耗质量之间的关系,为随车油耗快速检测设备的开发提供了基础。     

Origin–destination synthesis for aviation network data: examining hub operations in the domestic and international US markets

Hub‐and‐spoke networking is a key feature of current aviation markets in which hubs, as connecting points, function to consolidate and redistribute flows. This indicates that observation of traffic on a segment does not necessarily convey information about the origin to destination routing of passenger journeys because of the unavoidable detours in the system. This paper examines the heterogeneity of the flow composition in domestic and international US markets, which in turn allows us to observe the variation of operations across major hubs. A modified Route Flow Estimator for origin–destination synthesis (or origin–destination matrix estimation) is designed to decompose the segment traffic into itinerary‐based passenger trips. Several public and commercial databases, which are easily accessible, are exploited (and reconciled) for the model in order to (i) generate possible trip itineraries using those segment markets, and (ii) link data‐driven operational conditions with the underlying segment flows. The results are validated with US domestic trip observations and empirical knowledge related to the air transportation system. Then, the variability of the hub operations is examined based on sensitivity tests using the model parameters. From the resolution of itinerary‐based estimates, we observe that major airports' hub operations are spatially uneven, particularly with respect to domestic and international connecting passengers. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Traffic integration and environmental traffic management in Denmark

This paper assesses Danish experience in attempting to integrate traffic with its surroundings in existing areas. Rest and play areas, quiet roads with a 30 km/h speed limit, and major road schemes on urban shopping streets and through villages are all discussed; so too are policies seeking to create safe routes to school, the problems arising from the introduction of speed reduction measures on bus routes, and the merits of area‐wide as opposed to incremental approaches. Evaluations indicate that speed reductions to a maximum of 30 km/h are achievable on local roads, and that the quiet street approach represents a cost‐effective and popular means of achieving environmental improvements and safer, more liveable streets for residents. It is recommended as an appropriate model for Britain to follow. Incremental implementation risks being sub‐optimal in design terms but has distinct advantages in minimizing conflicts and enabling rapid implementation. Evaluations of shopping street and village schemes are incomplete but speed reductions and environmental gains have undoubtedly been achieved.     

Sub‐optimal decision‐making and the transportation problem

A modification to the transportation problem is outlined that aims to improve the quality of predictions of trip matrices, and at the same time, allow some behavioural and economic insights. A framework is suggested within which this modification may be made and a suitable statistic and iterative process are described. A simple example demonstrates the validity of the modification and suggests some areas of difficulty with the approach.     

Rising Sea Levels: Helping Decision-Makers Confront the Inevitable

Sea-level rise (SLR) is not just a future trend; it is occurring now in most coastal regions across the globe. It thus impacts not only long-range planning in coastal environments, but also emergency preparedness. Its inevitability and irreversibility on long time scales, in addition to its spatial non-uniformity, uncertain magnitude and timing, and capacity to drive non-stationarity in coastal flooding on planning and engineering timescales, create unique challenges for coastal risk-management decision processes. This review assesses past United States federal efforts to synthesize evolving SLR science in support of coastal risk management. In particular, it outlines the: (1) evolution in global SLR scenarios to those using a risk-based perspective that also considers low-probability but high-consequence outcomes, (2) regionalization of the global scenarios, and (3) use of probabilistic approaches. It also describes efforts to further contextualize regional scenarios by combining local mean sea-level changes with extreme water level projections. Finally, it offers perspectives on key issues relevant to the future uptake, interpretation, and application of sea-level change scenarios in decision-making. These perspectives have utility for efforts to craft standards and guidance for preparedness and resilience measures to reduce the risk of coastal flooding and other impacts related to SLR.     

HX_D3型机车轴箱轴承典型故障分析与预防

针对洛阳机务段发生的HXD3型机车6A系统轴箱轴承报警故障,通过分析驱动装置及轴箱轴承结构特点、6A系统报警数据,以及轴承解体情况,找到轴箱轴承外滚道剥离的原因,并提出相应的预防措施和建议。