ENERGY CALCULUSIN CHINESE LANGUAGE SEGMENTATION

IntroductionIn the past twenty years,many Chinese lan-guage processing systems have been developed.Excellent researchers[1～ 3] have led Chinese lan-guage processing into a new era.However,seg-mentation ambiguity problem has not beensolved satisfyingly.The current techniques to eliminate segmenta-tion ambiguity can be classified into two cate-gories:rule- based techniques( strong technique)and statistic- based techniques( soft technique) .Hybrid techniques belong to both.In rule- based techn…     

编者的话

这是春节后的《产经》第一期，借此机会，我代表本刊工作人员向各位读者道声：新年快乐，梦筑09！ 想必读者已经发现了本期与以往的不同。是的，原来的执行主编徐慧妮小姐由于各种原因离开了本刊，接下来我会与其他编辑一起接手工作。衷心感谢来自各方的支持，积极为本刊供稿。相信未来我们会获得越来越的信息资源，并提供愈加深入的行业报道及透析。力争成为业内外人士首选的汽车经济杂志。     

Filling up gaps in wave data with genetic programming

A given time series of significant wave heights invariably contains smaller or larger gaps or missing values due to a variety of reasons ranging from instrument failures to loss of recorders following human interference. In-filling of missing information is widely reported and well documented for variables like rainfall and river flow, but not for the wave height observations made by rider buoys. This paper attempts to tackle this problem through one of the latest soft computing tools, namely, genetic programming (GP). The missing information in hourly significant wave height observations at one of the data buoy stations maintained by the US National Data Buoy Center is filled up by developing GP models through spatial correlations. The gap lengths of different orders are artificially created and filled up by appropriate GP programs. The results are also compared with those derived using artificial neural networks (ANN). In general, it is found that the in-filling done by GP rivals that by ANN and many times becomes more satisfactory, especially when the gap lengths are smaller. Although the accuracy involved reduces as the amount of gap increases, the missing values for a long duration of a month or so can be filled up with a maximum average error up to 0.21 m in the high seas.     

桥梁水毁研究综述

近年来，桥梁水毁日益频发，已成为桥梁倒塌失效的首要因素。从冲刷、洪水2类最主要的水文因素出发，充分结合历史数据，分析并对比其对桥梁水毁的影响程度与规律；并按2类水文因素所对应的不同桥梁倒塌失效模式，对桥梁水毁现有的研究工作和方法进行总结归纳；最后，聚焦实桥应用，对现有桥梁水毁监测和诊治手段进行全面梳理。综述可得以下结论：①冲刷是导致桥梁水毁的最主要因素，所致失效桥型以桁架桥、梁桥、拱桥为主，桥梁服役时间、结构安全状态、年平均径流量均与桥梁所受冲刷程度存在较强相关性；②冲刷坑空间形态数值仿真与试验结果仍有一定差距，其泥沙模型缺少考虑床沙级配的影响，经验公式法尚需突破计算维度的局限性，完善考虑时间因素和黏性土的冲刷深度预测；③现阶段洪水波流竖向升力计算公式较少考虑脉动压力，浪荷载水槽试验尚未完全探明波浪特性与作用力间的联系，桥梁可靠度研究多见以冲刷为主的多灾害下联合效应计算，仍缺少波流、浪力作用与地震动水作用等其他灾害联合作用的深入探讨；④桥梁抗水目前仍局限于流场与结构域的独立研究，未见不同水文因素下基于结构域-流场多场耦合的桥梁失效模式分析；⑤雷达、声波以及潜水员水下检测是现阶段桥梁冲刷主流监测方式，桥梁冲刷动力识别适用于复杂环境下大规模、区域性桥梁检测，但仍有待进一步的应用研究，而既有桥梁水毁诊治手段在具体实施时需因地制宜，避免反而加剧水文病害。     

Maglev Vehicle/Guideway Vertical Random Response and Ride Quality

Summary The research and development (R & D) of maglev technology had made a great progress in China since the early 1980s. Especially, a 35 km-long Shanghai high-speed maglev railway employing the German Transrapid system began to be constructed on March 1, 2001. Based on the Transrapid system, the paper develops a 10-degree-of-freedom model of maglev vehicle running over three types of guideways with constant speed. Random guideway irregularities are discussed and taken into account for simulation of the vehicle response and for evaluation of the ride comfort. Using the direct time integration method and the discrete fast Fourier transform (DFFT), random responses of the maglev vehicle-guideway systems are obtained and analyzed. Numerical results show that the resonant frequency of car body acceleration response is 0.5-1 Hz, and there is a 2.2 Hz periodic vibration due to the periodic configuration of rigid piers when the maglev vehicle travels over the elevated-beam guideway. The car body acceleration power spectral density (PSD) curves meet well the ride quality criterion of the urban tracked aircushion vehicle (UTACV) and the maximum acceleration of car body is less than 0.05 g. Moreover, the Sperling ride index values are less than 2.5 as long as the operational speed is less than 450 km/h. It is concluded that the maglev vehicle ride quality is quite well.     

High Performance ACC System Based on Sensor Fusion with Distance Sensor, Image Processing Unit, and Navigation System

Curve sensors used in first generation “Adaptive Cruise Control” systems (ACC) are based on steering angle sensors, lateral accelerometers or yaw rate sensors. The disadvantage of these curve sensors is that they do not have any preview characteristics. This leads in many driving situations to misinterpretations by the ACC system, e.g. wrong path assignments of vehicles ahead because of non-constant curve radii particularly in the beginning and ending of curves. The consequence is that the ACC car brakes due to vehicles in adjacent lanes or it ignores relevant obstacles. In the following a second generation ACC system will be presented whose curve sensor is realized by a real time image processing system with the support of a GPS-based navigation system. This multi-sensor fusion system is now suitable for collision avoidance and stop and go applications.     

Hydrography and biogeochemistry of the north western Bay of Bengal and the north eastern Arabian Sea during winter monsoon

The north eastern Arabian Sea and the north western Bay of Bengal within the Indian exclusive economic zone were explored for their environmental characteristics during the winter monsoons of 2000 and 2001 respectively. The two regions were found to respond paradoxically to comparable intensities of the atmospheric forcing. There is an asymmetry in the net heat exchange of these two basins with atmosphere because of the varying thickness of barrier layer. During winter, the convective mixing in the Arabian Sea is driven by net heat loss from the ocean, whereas the Bay of Bengal does not contribute to such large heat loss to the atmosphere. It appears that the subduction of high saline Arabian Sea water mass is the mechanism behind the formation of a barrier layer in the northeast Arabian Sea; whereas that in the Bay of Bengal and the southeast Arabian Sea are already established as due to low saline water mass. The weak barrier layer in the Arabian Sea yields to the predominance of convective mixing to bring in nitrate-rich waters from the deeper layers to the surface, thereby supporting enhanced biological production. On the other hand, the river discharge into the Bay of Bengal during this period results in the formation of a thick and stable barrier layer, which insulates vertical mixing and provide oligotrophic condition in the Bay.     

pH variability and CO2 induced acidification in the North Sea

A coupled carbonate system–marine ecosystem–hydrodynamic model is used to simulate the temporal and spatial variability in pH across the southern North Sea as it relates to the environmental and biological processes affecting CO₂, namely, photosynthesis and respiration, riverine boundary conditions and atmospheric CO₂ concentrations. Annual pH ranges are found to vary from < 0.2 in areas of low biological activity to > 1.0 in areas influenced by riverine signals, consistent with observations and previous studies. It is shown that benthic, as well as pelagic, activity is an important factor in this variability. The acidification of the region due to increased fluxes of atmospheric CO₂ into the marine system is calculated and shown to exceed, on average, 0.1 pH units over the next 50 years and result in a total acidification of 0.5 pH units below pre-industrial levels at atmospheric CO₂ concentrations of 1000 ppm. The potential for measurable changes in biogeochemistry are demonstrated by simulating the observed inhibition of pelagic nitrification with decreasing pH. However, we conclude that there is a lack of knowledge of how acidification might affect the complex interaction of processes that govern marine biogeochemical cycles and a consequent need for further research and observations.     

半生走来一生缘

我的名字叫克劳士·克鲁兹菲尔德（ClausKruetzfeldt），在68岁的今天，回想37年来和中国的联系，我写一点自己的经历。[第一段]